1. Crime, Punishment and Consumer Protection
Peter Cartwright
Professor of Consumer Protection Law
University of Nottingham

2. Characteristics of Regulatory Crime
Over-inclusive
Strict Liability
Specialised Enforcement Bodies
Magistrates’ Courts
Business Defendants
Lack of Stigma

3. Objections to the Use of Criminal Sanctions
Inconsistent enforcement
Apply where harm is minor
Inappropriate levels of sanctioning
Resource intensive
Imposition of Strict Liability
Inadequate as a deterrent

4. Alternatives and the Future
Administrative Penalties
Mens Rea Offences