1. Berryhill and cashion HS1, Dho 7.12 2017-2018
Urinary system a&P
Berryhill and cashion
HS1, Dho 7.12

2. Urinary system AKA excretory system Removes wastes & excess water
Maintain acid-base balance
Helps maintain body’s homeostasis

3. Urinary system Parts of the urinary system: 2 kidneys 2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra

5. kidneys Bean-shaped organs Found on either side of vertebral column
Located in retroperitoneal space
Retroperitoneal space=area behind upper part of abd cavity; separated from abd cavity by peritoneal membrane

7. kidneys Protected by Ribs & fat cushion
Held in place by connective tissue
Each kidney is enclosed in mass of fatty tissue=adipose capsule
Each kidney is covered by a tough, fibrous tissue=renal fascia or fibrous capsule

9. apply your knowledge
Can you think of an example of the urinary system’s ability to maintain homeostasis?
A good example is when a person drinks a large amount of water and urinary output increases

10. kidneys Divided into 2 main sections: cortex & medulla Cortex=
outer section
contains most of the nephrons (Nephrons aid in production of urine)

11. kidneys Medulla= inner section
Contains most of the collecting tubules (collecting tubules carry urine from nephrons through the kidney)

13. kidneys Each kidney has a hilum Hilum=notched or indented area
the ureter, nerves, blood vessels, & lymph vessels enter & leave the kidney through the hilum

15. Test your knowledge
So, let’s think this through….you have to produce the urine first and then send the urine out of the kidney. In what order does fluid pass through the kidney and its layers on the way to the ureter? The answer is…Cortex to the medulla to the hilum

16. kidneys Nephrons=microscopic filtering units of the kidney
There are more than 1 million nephrons per kidney

18. kidneys Each nephron consists of a: Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct (tubule)

19. kidneys The renal artery carries blood to the kidney
Branches of the renal artery pass through the medulla to the cortex
This is where blood enters the 1st part of the nephron, the glomerulus
glomerulus=cluster of capillaries

20. This is the start of the process of filtration!!!

21. kidneys
As blood passes through the glomerulus, the glomerulus filters out:
Water
mineral salts
glucose
metabolic products

22. RBCs and Proteins are not filtered out!!!
IMPORTANT!!!
RBCs and Proteins are not filtered out!!!

23. kidneys
Filtered blood leaves the glomerulus & moves to the renal vein which carries it away from the kidney
The substances filtered out by the glomerulus enter the next section of the nephron, Bowman’s capsule

24. kidneys
Bowman’s capsule=C-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus
It is the start of the convoluted tubule
Bowman’s capsule picks up the filtered materials & passes them into the convoluted tubule

26. kidneys
As the filtered material passes through the tubule, substances needed by the body are reabsorbed and returned to the blood capillaries
Those substances Needed by the body are:
most of the water, glucose, vitamins, and mineral salts

27. kidneys
Remaining in the tubule (and not needed by the body and not reabsorbed) are:
excess glucose and mineral salts
some water
wastes (urea, uric acid, and creatinine)
These excess substances are a concentrated liquid=urine

28. kidneys Urine enters collecting ducts (tubules) located in the medulla
The collecting ducts empty into the renal pelvis (renal basin),
Renal pelvis=funnel-shaped structure that is the 1st section of the ureter

32. Test your knowledge
During the process of filtration in the nephron, most of the water, glucose, and vitamins are:
Stored in the bladder
Excreted through the ureters
Reabsorbed into the blood
Concentrated in the urine
And the answer is…C

33. Test your knowledge What would you find inside the glomerulus? blood
What c-shaped structure in the nephron surrounds the glomerulus?
bowman’s capsule

34. ureters 2 Muscular tubes 10-12 inches long
Renal pelvis=funnel-shaped 1st section of ureter
One ureter extends from the renal pelvis of each kidney to the bladder

35. ureters Peristalsis moves urine through ureter from kidney to bladder
(gee, this is not the first time we have heard of peristalsis-where are the other instances of peristalsis that we have studied?)

37. bladder Hollow, muscular sac Found behind symphysis pubis
Located at midline of pelvic cavity
Receives urine from ureters
Stores urine until it is voided
Void=urinate=micturate

38. bladder Lined with mucous membrane Mucous membrane Has rugae (folds)
Rugae disappear as bladder expands to fill with urine
Bladder Walls are made of triple layer of visceral (smooth) muscle

40. bladder
Circular sphincter muscle controls the bladder opening to prevent emptying
Receptors in bladder send out a reflex action which opens the muscle
Urge to void occurs when bladder has 250mL but it can hold much more

41. bladder Infants cannot control the reflex action
As children grow, they learn to control the reflex

43. Test your knowledge
What are the different terms used to describe “someone peeing”?
The answer is…to void, to urinate, to micturate

44. Test your knowledge
In what part of the urinary system does peristalsis occur?
ureter
if you could see the inside of an empty bladder, what would you see?
rugae

45. urethra Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body
Urinary meatus=external opening of urethra

46. urethra Female urethra: 1.5 inches long opens in front of vagina
carries only urine

47. urethra Male urethra: 8 inches long Passes through the prostate gland
Exists the penis
Carries both urine & semen (not at the same time)

49. Test your knowledge
The urethra in the male serves to body systems, what are they?
urinary and reproductive
What is the last structure urine passes before leaving the body?
urinary meatus

50. urine Liquid waste product of urinary system Aprox 95% water
Contains dissolved waste products:
urea, uric acid, creatinine, mineral salts, pigments

51. urine Excess useful products (like sugar) can also be found in urine
When useful products are in urine, it usually indicates disease!!

52. urine Kidneys filter about 150 quarts of liquid daily
About 1,500-2,000 mL (1.5-2 quarts) of urine are produced daily

53. Test your knowledge What is considered a normal component of urine?
Bacteria
Sugar
Uric acid
Red blood cells
And the answer is…C

54. DISease!! Apply your knowledge
Ok, let’s take it one step further….what should you think if useful products like sugar or protein are found in urine?
DISease!!
Do you know of a disease that involves sugar in the urine?
diabetes

55. Urination terms
Terms used to describe conditions that affect urination:
polyuria=excessive urination
Oliguria=below normal amount of urine
Anuria=absence of urination
Hematura=blood in urine
Pyuria=pus in urine

56. Urination terms Nocturia=urination at night Dysuria=painful urination
Retention=inability to empty bladder
Incontinence=involuntary urination
Proteinuria=protein in urine
Albuminuria=albumin (a blood protein) in urine

57. Test your knowledge
Which urinary term would you apply to this situation?
Patrice is not ill but drank a large amount of ice tea. You would expect her to have….?
The answer is…polyuria

58. Apply your knowledge
A construction worker falls and strikes his lower abdomen on a hard object. What might he experience as a result? Which medical term would you apply to this situation? The Answer is…hematuria