1. Berryhill and cashion Hs1, dho ch 7.12, pg 2016-2017
Urinary system a&P
Berryhill and cashion
Hs1, dho ch 7.12, pg

2. Urinary system AKA excretory system Removes wastes & excess water
Maintain acid-base balance
Helps maintain body’s homeostasis

3. Urinary system Parts of the urinary system: 2 kidneys 2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra

5. kidneys Bean-shaped organs Found on either side of vertebral column
Located in retroperitoneal space
Retroperitoneal space=area behind upper part of abd cavity; separated from abd cavity by peritoneal membrane

7. kidneys Protected by Ribs & fat cushion
Held in place by connective tissue
Each kidney is enclosed in mass of fatty tissue=adipose capsule
Each kidney is covered by a tough, fibrous tissue=renal fascia or fibrous capsule

9. Where are the kidneys located? retroperitoneal space
Test your knowledge
Where are the kidneys located?
retroperitoneal space
Can you think of an example of the urinary system’s ability to maintain homeostasis?

10. answer
A good example is when a person drinks a large amount of water and urinary output increases

11. kidneys Divided into 2 main sections: cortex & medulla Cortex=
outer section
contains most of the nephrons (Nephrons aid in production of urine)

12. kidneys Medulla= inner section
Contains most of the collecting tubules (collecting tubules carry urine from nephrons through the kidney)

14. kidneys Each kidney has a hilum Hilum=notched or indented area
the ureter, nerves, blood vessels, & lymph vessels enter & leave the kidney through the hilum

16. Test your knowledge
So, let’s think this through….you have to produce the urine first and then send the urine out of the kidney. In what order does fluid pass through the kidney and its layers on the way to the ureter?

17. answer
Cortex to the medulla to the hilum

18. kidneys Nephrons=microscopic filtering units of the kidney
There are more than 1 million nephrons per kidney

20. kidneys Each nephron consists of a: Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct (tubule)

21. kidneys The renal artery carries blood to the kidney
Branches of the renal artery pass through the medulla to the cortex
This is where blood enters the 1st part of the nephron, the glomerulus
glomerulus=cluster of capillaries

22. This is the start of the process of filtration!!!

23. kidneys
Water, mineral salts, glucose, metabolic products, & other substances are filtered out of the blood as it passes through the glomerulus
Rbcs & proteins are not filtered out

24. kidneys
Filtered blood leaves the glomerulus & moves to the renal vein which carries it away from the kidney
The substances filtered out by the glomerulus enter the next section of the nephron, Bowman’s capsule

25. kidneys
Bowman’s capsule=C-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus
It is the start of the convoluted tubule
Bowman’s capsule picks up the filtered materials & passes them into the convoluted tubule

27. kidneys
As the filtered material passes through the tubule, substances needed by the body are reabsorbed and returned to the blood capillaries
Those substances are most of the water, glucose, vitamins, and mineral salts

28. Question
During the process of filtration in the nephron, most of the water, glucose, and vitamins are:
Stored in the bladder
Excreted through the ureters
Reabsorbed into the blood
Concentrated in the urine

29. c. Reabsorbed into the blood
answer
c. Reabsorbed into the blood

30. kidneys
excess glucose and mineral salts, some water, and wastes (urea, uric acid, and creatinine) remain in the tubule
These excess substances are a concentrated liquid=urine

31. kidneys Urine enters collecting ducts (tubules) located in the medulla
The collecting ducts empty into the renal pelvis (renal basin),
Renal pelvis=funnel-shaped structure that is the 1st section of the ureter

35. Test your knowledge What would you find inside the glomerulus? blood
What c-shaped structure in the nephron surrounds the glomerulus?
bowman’s capsule

36. ureters 2 Muscular tubes 10-12 inches long
Renal pelvis=funnel-shaped 1st section of ureter
One ureter extends from the renal pelvis of each kidney to the bladder

37. ureters
Peristalsis moves urine through ureter from kidney to bladder

39. bladder Hollow, muscular sac Found behind symphysis pubis
Located at midline of pelvic cavity
Receives urine from ureters
Stores urine until it is voided
Void=urinate=micturate

40. bladder Lined with mucous membrane Mucous membrane Has rugae (folds)
Rugae disappear as bladder expands to fill with urine
Bladder Walls are made of triple layer of visceral (smooth) muscle

42. bladder
Circular sphincter muscle controls the bladder opening to prevent emptying
Receptors in bladder send out a reflex action which opens the muscle
Urge to void occurs when bladder has 250mL but it can hold much more

43. bladder Infants cannot control the reflex action
As children grow, they learn to control the reflex

45. Test your knowledge
What are the different terms used to describe “someone peeing”?

46. Answer
To void
To urinate
To micturate

47. Test your knowledge
In what part of the urinary system does peristalsis occur?
ureter
if you could see the inside of an empty bladder, what would you see?
rugae

48. urethra Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body
Urinary meatus=external opening of urethra

49. urethra Female urethra: 1.5 inches long opens in front of vagina
carries only urine

50. urethra Male urethra: 8 inches long Passes through the prostate gland
Exists the penis
Carries both urine & semen (not at the same time)

52. Test your knowledge
The urethra in the male serves to body systems, what are they?
urinary and reproductive
What is the last structure urine passes before leaving the body?
urinary meatus

53. urine Liquid waste product of urinary system Aprox 95% water
Contains dissolved waste products:
urea, uric acid, creatinine, mineral salts, pigments

54. urine Excess useful products (like sugar) can also be found in urine
When useful products are in urine, it usually indicates disease

55. urine Kidneys filter about 150 quarts of liquid daily
About 1,500-2,000 mL (1.5-2 quarts) of urine are produced daily

56. question What is considered a normal component of urine? Bacteria
Sugar
Uric acid
Red blood cells

57. DISease!! Answer Uric acid is considered a normal part of urine
Ok, let’s take it one step further….what should you think if useful products are found in urine?
DISease!!

58. Urination terms
Terms used to describe conditions that affect urination:
polyuria=excessive urination
Oliguria=below normal amount of urine
Anuria=absence of urination
Hematura=blood in urine

59. Urination terms Pyuria=pus in urine Nocturia=urination at night
Dysuria=painful urination
Retention=inability to empty bladder
Incontinence=involuntary urination

60. Urination terms Proteinuria=protein in urine
Albuminuria=albumin (a blood protein) in urine

61. Test your knowledge
Which urinary term would you apply to this situation?
Patrice is not ill but drank a large amount of ice tea. You would expect her to have….?
polyuria

62. Apply your knowledge
A construction worker falls and strikes his lower abdomen on a hard object. What might he experience as a result? Which medical term would you apply to this situation?
Answer-hematuria