1. Plate Tectonics

2. 4 Main Layers
The earth is divided into four main layers based on composition and state of matter.

3. A. Inner Core
Solid- It is very hot, but it is a solid because it is under so much pressure from all of the layers above it.
Made of Solid Iron - very dense metal

4. B. Outer Core
Liquid
Made of Iron and Nickel

5. C. Mantle
Liquid- peanut butter-like consistency. It can flow and move, but is almost solid in places.
Made of lighter elements.
Convection Currents occur in the mantle.

6. D. Crust Solid, rocky. We live on the crust
Made of mostly Oxygen and Silicon.
Made up of rocks and sediments.
Divided into Plates that move around on the mantle.

7. II. Convection in the Mantle
A. Since the mantle is liquid, the material can flow. Convection currents cause the material to move around.
B. Convection Current- when material is heated, it becomes less dense and rises. Then it cools, becomes more dense and sinks again.

8. III. Plate Tectonics
A. The solid, outer part of the crust and upper mantle is called the LITHOSPHERE.
B. The lithosphere floats on the liquid-like part of the mantle, which is called the ASTHENOSPHERE.
The lithosphere is broken into sections called PLATES. The plates get carried along as the asthenosphere moves due to convection currents, like a raft in a river.

10. IV. Alfred Wegener
A. Alfred Wegener believed the crust of the earth moved as early as the 1800s, but he couldn’t explain what made them move. He called his idea CONTINENTAL DRIFT. He thought the plates moved because of 4 reasons:

11. # 1- the shapes of the continents look like they fit together like a puzzle.
Pangea- supercontinent when all the continents joined together.

12. # 2- Fossils on continents beside each other match up.

13. # 3- Rock types and Mountain ranges on continents beside each other match up.

14. # 4- Warm climate fossils are found in Antarctica, and there is evidence of glaciers in places that are now tropical. A possible explanation is the continents moved.
Glossipteris- fern fossil found in Antarctica