1. ANATOMY GIANT REVIEW PACKET Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

2. The study of human parts and their locations.
(1) What is anatomy?
The study of human parts and their locations.

3. (2) What is physiology?
Physiology is the study of how body parts work, both individually and together.

4. (3) List the levels of living organization in order, beginning on the left with the most macroscopic level:
Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Chemical

5. (4) List the levels of living organization in order, beginning on the left with the most microscopic level:
Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

6. (5) What is the function of the nervous system?
Controls the body
Responds to internal + external changes (or stimuli)
Stimulates muscles + glands

7. (6) Which organs are included in the nervous system?
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

8. (7) What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Pump blood (heart)
Circulate oxygen + nutrients to tissues
Remove carbon dioxide + wastes from tissues

9. (8) Which organs are included in the cardiovascular system?
Heart
Blood
Blood vessels

10. (9) What is the function of the respiratory system?
Take in oxygen
Expel carbon dioxide
Circulate gas w/cardiovascular system

11. (10) Which organs are included in the respiratory system?
Lungs
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Larynx, pharynx
Bronchi
Diaphragm

12. (11) What is the function of the skeletal system?
Support body
Allow for movement by working w/muscles
Produce blood cells
Store minerals
Protect organs

13. (12) Which organs are included in the skeletal system?
Bones
Joints
Cartilage

14. (13) What is the function of the muscular system?
Overall body mobility
Produce heat
Allows for response to stimuli
Facial expression

15. (14) Which organs are included in the muscular system?
Muscle…
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle

16. (15) What is the function of the endocrine system?
Produce hormones
Stimulate growth + development
Stimulate reproduction

17. (16) Which organs are included in the endocrine system?
Glands

18. (17) What is the function of the digestive system?
Metabolize food stuff
Absorb useful nutrients from food + drop in blood
Get rid of food-waste

19. (18) Which organs are included in the digestive system?
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small + large intestine
Rectum + anus

20. (19) What is the function of the excretory system?
Filter blood
Re-circulate useful nutrients
Remove excess water, nitrogenous waste + solute

21. (20) Which organs are included in the excretory system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

22. (21) What is the function of your lymphatic system?
Collect leaked fluid from blood
Return useful compounds back to blood
Get rid of harmful cells/waste in blood
Immunity

23. (22) Which organs are included in the lymphatic system?
Thoracic duct
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
White blood cells 

24. (23) What is the function of you reproductive system?
Make more offspring / babies.

25. (24) How do the cardiovascular + respiratory systems work together?
Respiratory takes in Oxygen 
Which the cardiovascular circulates to tissues in need….
Cardiovascular transports carbon dioxide to lungs 
Which the respiratory expels….

26. Anything with mass and volume.
(25) What is matter?
Anything with mass and volume.

27. (26) What is energy?
The ability to do work.

28. (27) Do atoms become more or less stable when they bond?
MORE STABLE
Share or Steal/Lose valence electrons so that they achieve 8 (or mult. Of 8) in their outermost shell!

29. (28) Bonds form between which types of electrons?
Valence

30. (29) What is a covalent bond?
A bond in which atoms SHARE valence electrons.

31. A bond in which atoms steal/lose valence electrons with another atom.
(30) What is an ionic bond?
A bond in which atoms steal/lose valence electrons with another atom.

32. (31) What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Water is added to larger polymer
Large molecule splits into smaller chunks
1-chunk takes an OH
1-chunk takes an H

33. (32) What is a dehydration reaction?
Water is removed from smaller monomers
Forms larger polymer
1-OH removed from a chunk
1-H removed from a chunk
2 unstable chunks must bond together!

34. (33) Why are CHONPS biological elements?
Because they are found in all living things.

35. (34) What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Short term energy

36. (35) What are the functions of protein?
Catalyze reactions
Cell structure
Expression of DNA

37. (36) What are the functions of lipids?
Chemical messaging
Cell Membranes
Long Term Energy Storage

38. (37) What are the functions of nucleic acids?
Store genetic information
Store genetic code

39. (38) What is a eukaryotic cell?
A cell WITH a nucleus

40. (39) What is a prokaryotic cell?
A cell WITHOUT a nucleus.

41. (40) What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide

42. (41) What is the monomer of a protein?
Amino acid

43. (42) What is the monomer of a lipid?
Fatty Acid & Glycerol

44. (43) What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous base

45. (44) Give some examples of a protein:
Enzymes
Protein channels in membranes
Meat, beans, nuts

46. (45) Give some examples of carbs:
Glucose, Fructose, Starch

47. (46) Give some examples of nucleic acids:
DNA
RNA

48. (47) Give some examples of lipids:
Fats & Oils
Phospholipids
Hormones + steroids

49. (48) Is an organism a molecule?

50. Basic unit / building block for larger molecules.
(49) What is a monomer?
Basic unit / building block for larger molecules.

51. A larger molecule composed of repeating monomers.
(50) What is a polymer?
A larger molecule composed of repeating monomers.

52. Adenosine triphosphate Energy storing molecule
(51) What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate
Energy storing molecule

53. (52) How can your body release stored energy from ATP?
Remove a phosphate

54. (53) How can your body store energy in ATP?
Add a phosphate

55. (54) Is bond formation endothermic or exothermic? Why?
Takes energy to form
Energy goes INTO bond & is stored

56. (55) Is bond breaking endothermic or exothermic?
Releasing stored energy

57. (56) What does endothermic mean?
Heat Energy goes Into

58. (57) What does exothermic mean?
Heat Energy Exits (Leaves)

59. (58) What is kinetic energy?
Energy of motion
Energy being used right now

60. (59) What is potential energy?
Stored Energy

61. (60) What is the most basic unit of life?
Cell

62. (61) What is the most basic unit of matter?
Atom

63. (62) Which 2 organelles work together to produce polypeptides?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes

64. Contain digestive enzymes Digest cellular waste
(63) What do lysosomes do?
Contain digestive enzymes
Digest cellular waste

65. (64) Write the equation for cellular respiration:

66. 65) What are the reactants for cellular respiration?
Glucose
Oxygen

67. (66) What are the products for cellular respiration?
Water
Carbon dioxide
ATP

68. (67) Which organelle “does” respiration?
Mitochondria

69. (68) Is there any special molecule produced during cellular resp?
ATP

70. (69) What is osmosis?
The movement of water particles from high to low concentration, across a semi-permeable membrane, until equilibrium is reached.

71. (70) What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from high to low concentration, across a concentration gradient, until equilibrium is reached.

72. (71) What is a concentration gradient?
Difference in concentration

73. (72) What is equilibrium?
Balance
Same

74. (73) If your cells are surrounded by solute, what would happen?
Water from inside the cell will rush out
Cell will shrivel up

75. Water would rush into the cell The cell would expand + burst
(74) IF your cells had more water on the outside than inside, what would happen?
Water would rush into the cell
The cell would expand + burst

76. (75) What does your cell membrane do?
Controls all traffic in + out of cell

77. (76) Draw a cell membrane with phospholipids + protein channels:

78. (77) Draw a phospholipid + label:

79. (78) What is active transport?
The movement of particles against a concentration gradient, with the use of energy (ATP).

80. (79) Why would a molecule need ATP to move across a membrane?
Too big
Cell already has an abundance of the molecule (so it’s going against the gradient)

81. (80) What would you expect to find with a hypertonic cell?

82. (81) What would you expect to find with a hypotonic cell?

83. (82) What would you expect to find with an isotonic cell?

84. (83) What could cause your cells to be hypertonic?
Cells have more water inside, than outside
Cells are surrounded by solute
You ate lots of sugar / salt / carbs

85. (84) What could cause your cells to be hypotonic?
Cells have more water on outside, or less on inside
More solute inside the cell
You have eaten little, and drank lots of water

86. Internal balance / stability
(85) What is homeostasis?
Internal balance / stability

87. (85) –The second one—Which organ was underneath the ribs+ lungs?
HEART

88. (86) Which organ was like a long rope along the abdomen?
Intestine

89. (87) Which organs were laying on top of the heart?
Lungs

90. (88) Why did you have to be careful with your first incision?
You didn’t want to slice through all of the organs!

91. (89) Where did you find the kidneys?
Along spine
Under digestive system

92. (90) Which organ was large, red-brown + underneath the lungs and diaphragm?
LIVER

93. (91) Why do you shiver when you are cold?
Homeostatic response
Shivering = muscle contractions = heat
Imbalance to body temperature  body restabilizes

94. (92) How does your body regulate blood pH?
Bicarbonate System…
Carbon Dioxide = Increase in Acidity = Decrease in pH
Too Acidic?  Take Carbon Dioxide + Bind Hydrogen Ions  Carbonic Acid & Bicarbonate
Too Basic?  Take Carbonic Acid & Rip off Hydrogens