1. The West
Aim: Did visions of the West match the realities of Westward settlement?

2. Imagining the West

3. Realities of Westward Settlement

6. I. Gov’t Provides Land for Settlement
A. In 1860s, railroads received land grants, which prompted westward settlement
B. Morrill Land-Grant Act (1862) – gov’t gave land to states to fund agricultural colleges. States sold the land to bankers and land speculators, who made big profits
C. Homestead Act (1862) – Offered 160 acres of land to settlers who:
were 21 years old
paid a $10 registration fee
agreed to build a house and occupy their homestead for at least six months a year
agreed to farm the land for 5 years

8. II. Exodusters
To escape the slave-like conditions in the South, 50,000 blacks organized a mass migration, or exodus, to Kansas

9. III. Economic Opportunity
Mining (“boom towns”)
Ranchers
Commercial farming

10. IV. Frederick Jackson Turner’s “Frontier Thesis”
The frontier had shaped American character
Frontier was a safety valve for the east and promoted equality, individualism, inventiveness, etc.
By 1890, he argued, frontier no longer existed (census)

11. VI. Native American Policy
Indian Wars
Nearly 400 treaties with Indians had been broken by whites
1864 – Sand Creek Massacre
1866-Red Cloud War
1876-Battle of Little Big Horn
1890-Battle of Wounded Knee
Dawes Act (1887)
Attempt to Americanize the Native Americans
Broke up tribes and granted land directly to Indians as individuals or families
Granted land deeds and citizenship to Native Americans who abandoned tribal ways
Reduced size of Indian population and left them impoverished
Boarding Schools
Forced Native Americans to assimilate into American society
i.e., Carlisle
Century of Dishonor, by author Helen Hunt Jackson
Exposed to the public the American government’s mistreatment of Native Americans