1. Australian English
English Phonology

2. Questions
1) What do you know about Australian English and its pronunciation?
2) What do you know about Australian history and culture?
3) Why is Australian pronunciation often ignored in pronunciation discussion/teaching/learning?

3. Key Ideas In this lecture
Australian English pronunciation reflects the history, society and culture of the Australian people.
Until recently, most American and British English speakers had little contact with Australian English speakers.
Global mobility in education and employment is changing this, increasing the contact between English speakers.
Australian media is increasingly popular globally

4. Australian English What do the following vocabulary-expressions mean?
- Bring a plate
- Good on ya
- Arvo
- Servo
- Footy
- Veg
- Beaut
- Mate

5. Compare

6. Language, culture and Pronunciation
Language is born of culture and in turn reflects the history of a culture.
This is evident when comparing English in Britain, the United States and Australia.
Of the three dialects, British English has the most confusing grammar and spelling rules.
This is probably because those involved in English standardisation processes in the 18th century wanted to showcase their French influence and thus differentiate themselves from the uneducated masses.
In other words, British English reflects the British preoccupation with class.

7. US English
The US dialect is almost universally recognised as the easiest to understand.
In comparison to British English, its spelling is more phonetic, grammar more pattern orientated, and its pronunciation is more legible.
In addition, Americans are prone to use persuasive analogies like "the domino theory" in their conversations.
The American fondness for a legible and persuasive dialect can probably be traced to the US' religious history, economical liberalist economy and presidential system that rewards those leaders that have been best able to rally the masses behind them.

8. How it differs
Australian English is different from British and American English in that it has a bias towards invention, deception, profanity, humour and a classless society.
At times, this can make it almost impossible to understand and quite offensive to speakers accustomed to formality.
It reflects Australia's identity conflicts born out of its penal history.
In addition, it perhaps reflects the strong desire of many 19th century Australian to adopt Aboriginal names and words, particularly in rural Australia, which may have influenced pronunciation and inspired the fondness for the diminutive.

9. Inventiveness and deception
The bias in Australian English towards invention and deception can be seen as a Convict influence.
Nearly two generations after the arrival of the First Fleet, 87 per cent of the population were either convicts, ex-convicts or of convict descent.
With such strong convict foundations, it was inevitable that Australia's linguistic traditions would be different from the mother country. According to Sidney Barker, author of the Australian Language (1945):
"No other class of society would use slang more readily or adapt it more expertly to their new environment; no other class would have a better flair for concocting new terms to fit in with their new conditions in life" 

10. Inventiveness and deception
In 1869, British author Marcus Clarke described how Australians devised language to: ' convey a more full and humorous notion of all his thoughts' or to conceal' the idea he wishes to convey from all save his own particular friends'.
The most notable method of concealment was cockney rhyming slang.
Rhyming slang created an idiom type sentence out of two or more words, the last of which rhymed with the intended word. For example, "plates of meat" were "feet" and "hit the frog and toad" was "hit the road." 

11. Inventiveness and deception
Although few Australians use rhyming slang today, its inventive legacy may be seen in the prevalence of idioms in Strine.
For example, idioms like "kangaroos loose in the top paddock",  "mad as a cut snake" and "built like a brick shithouse" all illustrate a creative application of visual imagery to a linguistic discourse.
Aside from rhyming slang, another method that the Convicts used to conceal their true meaning was to turn the meaning of a word upside down.
For example, "bastard" or "ratbag" were used a terms of endearment as well as insults. The only way to know up from down was to infer from the tone of the sentence and the context it was used in.

12. The Diminutive
In Australia, it is very common to hear words like arvo being used instead of afternoon.
Known as diminutives, they are formed by taking the first part of a word and substituting an a,o, ie, or y sound for the rest.
In all, about 5,000 diminutives have been identified in Australian English.

13. Diminutives
There are various explanations of why the diminutive is so common in Australia.
One is that the diminutive seems more informal (like slang) and thus reflects the Australian love of egalitarianism. In the words of Nenagh Kemp, a linguistic psychologist from the University of Tasmania:
"Australians who use these diminutives might be trying to sound less pretentious, more casual and more friendly than they would by using the full words."

14. Diminutives
Although Kemp's explanation explains why the diminutive is used, it doesn't really explain why dimunitives keep getting invented.
After all, speakers of other English dialects use slang to appear casual and friendly but don't create dimunitives.
Perhaps an alternative explanation for their creation in Australia is that they harmonise many of the sharper English words with the smoother Aboriginal words that are common in the place naming of rural Australia.
For example, consider the sentence,
“I will be meeting the journalist underneath the coolabah tree by the Tumbarumba billabong.”
By changing journalist to journo, the sentence would be
“I’ll be meeting the journo underneath the coolabah tree by the Tumbarumba billabong.”

15. Diminutives
By using journo, the later sentence is more harmonic with a more consistent tempo than is the former.
Perhaps then, diminutives keep getting invented when English words are used in association with Aboriginal words and subsequently enter conversation where they serve the purpose of slang - even when Aboriginal words are not being used.

16. Profanity and Informality
There is an Australian saying that proposes,
“If the guy next to you is swearing like a wharfie, there is a good chance he may be a billionaire or perhaps just a wharfie.”
It is a saying that not only indicates how pervasive swearing is in Australia, but also how it has egalitarian connotations.
This love of swearing is also reflected in political circles where politicians use it around journalists in order to signal their membership of the common classes.

17. Classless Society
Aside from the use of profanity amongst those who would be endeared by it and those who would be offended by it, the Australian bias towards a classless society is reflected in the reluctance to use formality and titles.
For example, in Britain, titles like Mr, Mrs, Ms, Lord and your highness help structure social relations but also reduce social comfort. In Australia, the use of titles is relative rare.
Bosses and workers are usually on a first name basis as are students and professors at universities.

18. Aboriginal Influence
Although Aboriginal languages are extremely diverse throughout Australia, they share a propensity to end each syllable with a vowel sound, thus making sentences sound extremely smooth. For example, consider the sentence:
“On walkabout from Ulladullah to Wagga Wagga, I camped by a billabong, boiled a billy and cooked me a wallaby.”
The use of Aboriginal words requires the English words be softened to harmonise them with the smooth sounding Aboriginal words.
This requires a less defined but more subtle use of lips and tongue and a nasal rather than throaty sound.

19. Accents
Australia has three recognised accents. About ten per cent of Australians speak like ex-prime minister Bob Hawke with what is known as a broad Australian accent. The broad Australian accent is usually spoken by men.
80 per cent speak like Nicole Kidman with a general Australian accent.
10 per cent speak like ex Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser with British received pronunciation or cultivated English. Although some men use the pronunciation, the majority of Australians that speak with the accent are women.

20. Gender differences
The gender difference in pronunciation can perhaps be attributed to differing expectations about gender identities that are relatively favourable to the Australian male stereotype but unfavourable to the Australian female stereotype.
Specifically, expectations that men should be unpretentious, laid back and friendly are relatively consistent with stereotypes of Australian men.
Contrasted to men, expectations that women should be refined, proper and neat are relatively inconsistent with stereotypes of Australian women.
As a result, arguably more Australian men are comfortable adopting the accent of the Australian stereotype than are Australian women.

21. Spelling
In regards to spelling, Australia uses a mix of American and British spelt words. As a general rule, words less than five letters tend to be spelt in the British style while those over five letters are more likely to be American.
Some of the identity politics involved were illustrated in the spelling of labour. The Australian Labor Party adopted American spelling in the early 20th century in order to associate itself with American libertarian ideals.
While using American spelling for the Labor Party is acceptable, British spelling for the act of labour is expected due to fears of an American cultural colonisation of Australia.
American spelling for words like "organization" is more common than British "organisation", probably because it makes more sense to spell a z sound with the letter z.

22. Grammar
Like spelling, Australian grammar is a mix of British and American English. In Britain, collective nouns are usually defined as plural.
For example, the British would say, "The couple are happy."
American grammar is more pattern orientated so a noun is defined as plural when it has an s.
For example, Americans would say, "The couple is happy" (singular) but "The two cowboys are happy.“

23. Video

24. Understanding Australian English