1. Nationalism Threatens Old Empires: PPT #4
Holy Roman Empire dissolved by Napoleon
Hapsburgs still controlled Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and parts of other nations

2. Factories springing up
Led to discontent – stirrings of socialism

3. Hapsburg Empire multinational
50 million people – less than ¼ were German Speaking Austrians
1/2 = Slavic groups = Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes
Rival groups shared some of same regions – including Italians & Hungarians
Nationalist demands increased - Revolts in 1848 crushed by government

4. Turmoil – Francis (Franz) Joseph inherits Hapsburg throne
Ruled until 1916 – almost the end of WWI (died – great-nephew Karl takes over)
Dominated by German speaking Austrian
Other groups = not satisfied – wanted self-government

5. 1866 – Austria defeated by Prussia (which later becomes Germany)
dual-monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Francis Joseph ruled as emperor of Austria and king of Hungary

6. Many different rival groups resented compromise – especially Slavic groups
Nationalist leaders, revolts, uprisings = the Empire is being pulled apart

7. The Ottoman Empire Collapses
Ottoman also multi-national Empire w/all the same problems
Many others had revolts = wanted own independent states

8. European Powers Divide Up Ottoman Empire
Nationalistic European nations saw the Ottoman Empire as “the sick man of Europe” – easier to attack
They scrambled to take land

9. European Powers Divide Up Ottoman Empire
Russia took land to the Black Sea (including Constantinople/ Istanbul)
Austria-Hungary took Bosnia and Herzegovina which made Serbia mad – they wanted that area (very important trigger for WWI)
Britain & France want to take Ottoman lands in Middle East and North Africa

10. War in the Balkans
Competing interests led to series of wars in the Balkans
Russia fought, so did France, Britain and the Germans
Germans supported Austria-Hungary – BUT – also encouraged the Ottomans
People revolted and fought amongst themselves
Early 1900s – region was referred to as the “Balkan Powder Keg”
Explosion that came in 1914 helped to set off World War I