1. What’s The Difference? Observation: Types of Observations:
Using one of the five senses to make understand the world around you.
Ways to observe:
1). Sight
2). Touch
3). Hearing
4). Smell
5). Taste
Types of Observations:
Qualitative: Describing an object using your five senses.
Quantitative: Describing an object numerically.
Mass
Volume
Area
Density

2. What’s the Difference? Inference- Clues You Are Making an Inference
Has opinion in it
Goes on to explain why something is happening
More then an observation
Trying to understand an observation
Clues You Are Making an Inference
I think..
Like…
Because…

3. What comes next?
Observations and Inferences will help you form a hypothesis!
What is a hypothesis?
Hypothesis: A suggested explanation for an observation.
Taking an inference one step further
Usually stated in the form of an if/then statement.

4. How Do You Make A Hypothesis:
Goal: To determine if the mystery substance is a solid or liquid by conducting experiments.
But….Before we begin you must know how to make a hypothesis:
Hypothesis: If, then statement.

5. Important Variables To Know:
Control:
Why is this important?
Independent:
Dependent:
Something Constant and Unchanged..
“What am I changing?”
The thing you change…this causes the dependent variable to change.
“What do I observe?”
(As a result of changing the independent variable)

6. How Do You Collect Good Data?
1). Be aware of your variables:
Independent
Dependent
Control
2). Be Aware of Possible Sources of Error
Avoid if Possible
3). Write everything down!!
Keep track of labels

7. Why Is Data So Important?
Inquiry Wheel
This is the evidence…
Does It Support Your Hypothesis?
Start Analyzing Data
If no, then begin process over or fix your hypothesis
If yes, then repeat experiment
Must get the same results multiple times.

8. I Have My Data…Now What? Report Those Findings!! Why?
Very Important Step
Why?
Credit
Peers Check Work
Repeat Experiments
Build Off Your Work

9. Galileo and the Telescope
Famous Stolen Ideas
Galileo and the Telescope
Galileo is given credit for inventing the telescope when he discovered the idea from other people.
Leonard Digges
Evidence that this man invented the original telescope designs.

10. Famous Stolen Ideas
Bell and the Telephone
Some believe Alexander Bell was not the first person to discover a telephone.
Antonio Meucci did not renew his patent in time.

11. SI System SI System = International System of Units
Importance
Allows for a Standardized Measuring System Across the Globe
Why would we want/need a universal measuring system?
Same Language
Easy Conversions
Saves Time and Money
SI System = International System of Units

12. More about the SI System aka Metric System
Important Facts
Based upon the number ten.
Set of prefixes: All either increase or decrease by 10.

13. Metric Prefixes Prefixes Abbreviation Factor of 10 kilo- k 1,000
hecto- h
100
deca- D 10
Home Base: grams , liters, meters
Grams = g
Liters = L
Meters = m 1
deci d
0.1
centi- c
0.01
milli- m
0.001

14. So…How Do We Convert? 90 Meters…. How many kilometers?
Chart Reminder
Let’s Practice Together
Factor of 10
kilo
hecto
deca
Home Base
deci
centi
milli
How many kilometers?
(0.090)
How many decameters?
(9.0)
90 Meters….
How many decimeters?
(900.0)
How many centimeters?
(9,000.0)

15. Question of the Day 2.65 centimeters *How many decameters?
Chart
Problems
Factor of 10
1000 (kilo)
100 (hecto)
10 (deca) 1
0.1 (deci)
0.01 (centi)
0.001 (milli)
2.65 centimeters
*How many decameters?
67 hectometers
*How many millimeters?
6,700,000

16. 1). Really Big Numbers (1,000,000,000,000) Scientific Notation
Used for:
1). Really Big Numbers (1,000,000,000,000) OR
2). Really Small Numbers ( )
We Use Scientific Notation to make working with these numbers easier.

17. Scientific Notation Example
It’s all about moving the decimal.
It works with small numbers
Let’s Try
0.0001mm
It also works with big numbers
Let’s try
10000km

18. Scientific Notation Example
Numbers can also be taken out of scientific notation
Let’s Try
3.45 x 106
Let’s try
5.721 x 10-5

19. Today’s Lab
To take measurements we need instruments. Instruments include simple things like rulers and graduated cylinders
Quantitative Observations: Using numbers to describe an object.
Qualitative: senses observations

20. Station Lab Discussion
What Is Area?
What Is Volume?
How did you calculate it?
What does it mean?
Use it when discussing topographic mapping!
Why did we measure this three different ways?
Regular Shapes
Irregular Shapes
Liquid
Need it to calculate density.

21. Definitions Area: Volume: Expresses 2D shape or distance
meter
All prefixes apply
Volume:
Amount of 3D space an object takes up.
mL (milliliter)
L (liter)
cm3
(cc)

22. What’s The difference? How can you measure them?
Weight Vs Mass
What’s The difference?
How can you measure them?

23. Weight and Mass weight is the force on an object due to gravity
Changes slightly even at different places on Earth
Changes significantly once you leave Earth’s atmosphere.
Mass: The amount of matter in an object.
Stays the same regardless of location.

24. Density So, why did we talk about mass and volume?
So we can calculate density.
How can you find density?
Mass/Volume
g/ml, kg/ml, g/cm3
Density

25. What is Density? Mass/Volume
The amount of matter that occupies a given space.
Describes how tightly an object’s atoms are packed together.
Atoms that are packed tightly= high density
Atoms packed loosely = low density

26. Study of all sciences relating to planet earth.
What is Earth Science?
Study of all sciences relating to planet earth.

27. Earth Science: 4 Main Areas of Study
1st Semester:
2nd Semester:
1). Meteorology
2). Oceanography
3). Geology
4). Astronomy

28. Meteorology Study of the air that surrounds earth
differences in this air cause weather
When warm wet air and cold dry air meet we get clouds, fronts, and storms
*If the differences between air masses are large we get severe storms
Exp: Tornados, Hail etc
Discuss human impact on weather
Manipulation of weather
Discuss climate

29. Oceanography The study of Earth’s oceans
¾’s of our planet is oceans
Majority of the water on earth is found here
Salt Water
Differences in salt content compared to freshwater allow the ocean to circulate and to distribute
energy.
Human Impact

30. Geology Study of the materials make up the
Earth and the processes that form and
change those materials.
ID rocks and minerals
Studying volcanoes, tsunamis, and earth quakes

31. Astronomy The study of Earth beyond Earth’s atmosphere.
What Galaxy are we a part of?
Bigger picture: system is Earth a part of
Constellations
Types and properties of stars
Planets
Moon and Sun

32. 4 Main Systems of Earth 1). Lithosphere 2). Hydrosphere 3). Atmosphere
4). Biosphere

33. Lithosphere: Hard outer shell of the planet
Layers in Depth
This zone is composed of both the crust and the upper half of the mantle.
These regions of the Earth are all solid.
Crust
2 types:
1). Oceanic: Made of Granite
**Igneous rock from undersea volcanic eruptions and seafloor spreading.
2). Continental: Made of Basalt
(more dense)
Mantle:
Upper ½: acts like solid
Lower ½: partially molten, flow
Asthenosphere

34. Core of the Earth
Core:
Nickel and Iron
2 parts
1). Outer core
Liquid
2). Inner Core
Solid
Asthenosphere and Core are NOT part of the lithosphere!!

35. Hydrosphere All the water found in, on, and around Earth
Water cycle: The process of water traveling through its phases.
How much salt water?
97%
How much freshwater? 3%
¾’s in glaciers and icebergs

36. Atmosphere The gases that surround Earth Made of Allow ventilation
Protection: UV and Temperature
Produce Weather
Made of
Nitrogen = 78%
Oxygen = 21%
Argon
Carbon Dioxide
Trace Amounts Water Vapor

37. Biosphere
All the living things found on Earth and the environments in which they live

38. All Systems Work Together
Disrupt One and You will impact them all