1. Metallurgy

2. Basic Extraction Procedure
Mining
Pretreating
Magnetic Attraction
Cyclone Separation
Flotation
Leaching
Mineral to Compound
Pyrometallurgy
Hydrometallurgy
Compound to Metal
Smelting, etc.
Electrochemistry
Refining
Electrorefining
Distillation
Zone Refining
Alloying

3. Smelting Wool or Smithsonite = Zinc Carbonate Cow Dung
Hemimorphite = Zinc Silicate
Calamine + Oxygen Zinc Oxide
Calamine
Zinc Oxide + Carbon Monoxide Zinc

4. Pyrometallurgy Roasting Calcination
… is a thermal treatment that causes chemical reactions between the ore and the
furnace atmosphere. Roasting may lead to oxidation or reduction and may be
accompanied by calcination.
2 ZnS(s) O2(g) 2 ZnO(s) SO2(g)
2 MoS2(s) O2(g) 2 MoO3(s) SO2(g)
Calcination
… is the heating of an ore to bring about its decomposition and the
elimination of a volatile product.
PbCO3(s) PbO(s) + CO2(g)

5. Smelting
… is a melting process in which the materials formed in the course of chemical reactions
separate into two or more layers. Smelting often involves a roasting stage in the same
furnace. Two of the important types of layers formed in smelters are molten metal and
slag. The molten metal may consist almost entirely of a single metal, or it may be a
solution of two or more metals.
Slag consists mainly of molten silicate minerals, with aluminates, phosphates, fluorides,
and other ionic compounds as constituents.
ZnO(s) + CO(g) Zn(s) + CO2(g)