1. The nervous system
Chapters 48 & 49

2. You must know The anatomy of a neuron
The role of active transport in establishing the membrane potential of a neuron
How long-distance and short-distance signaling is done in neurons
The mechanisms of impulse transmission in a neuron
The process that leads to the release of neurotransmitter and what happens in the synapse
The brain serves as a master neurological center for processing information and directing responses
Different regions of the brain have different functions
Structures and associated functions for animal brains are products of evolution and increasing complexity follows evolutionary lines
How the vertebrate brain integrates information, which leads to an appropriate response

3. I. Neuron structure A. Functional unit of the nervous system
Draw with them, add Nodes of ranvier

5. Neuron vocab
Sensory receptors – collect information

6. 2. Sensory neurons – carry info from receptors to CNS 3
2. Sensory neurons – carry info from receptors to CNS 3. Interneurons – within CNS, connect sensory neurons to motor neurons 4. Motor neurons – carry info from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) that respond

7. Nerve Impulses
A. The steps

8. II. Nerve impulses
1. Resting potential
Annotate with them

9. Depolarization & Action Potential
a. Must surpass threshold
b. All or none response to stimulus

10. Repolarization & Hyperpolarization
- Refractory period

11. 4. Return to resting potential
B. Saltatory conduction – transmission of an impulse through myelination

12. Communication at the synapse

13. Neurotransmitters
1. Chemical messengers
2. Can be excitatory (cause depolarization of postsynaptic cell or inhibitory (cause hyperpolarization)

14. Signal Termination
1. Enzymes break neurotransmitter into pieces, causing it to fall away from the receptor (ex. Acetylcholinesterase for Ach)
2. Pieces are reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell, reassembled, and repackaged in vesicles

15. Ach and toxins Sarin nerve gas – inhibits acetylcholinesterase
Botulism toxin – prevents release of Ach from presynaptic axon

16. Iv. Nervous system anatomy
Central Nervous System (CNS) – brain and spinal cord
1. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – circulates through central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain provide nutrients and take away waste and also cushion the brain

17. 2. White and Gray matter a. Gray composed mostly of neuron cell bodies b. White composed mostly of myelinated axons c. Glia cells – support cells

18. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
1. Consists of spinal and cranial nerves
2. Motor/Somatic Nervous System carries signals to skeletal muscles
3. Autonomic Nervous System – carries signals to glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle, further divided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions

19. Sympathetic = Snake a. Sympathetic division – “Fight or Flight”
Response to unusual circumstances – increases activity
“E” division – exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment
Sympathetic = Snake

20. Parasympathetic = Panda
Parasympathetic division –
“Rest and digest”
Conserves energy and handles the usual circumstances
“D” division – digestion, defecation, diuresis
Parasympathetic = Panda

21. V. The Brain Brainstem – medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
1. Controls homeostatic functions like breathing, swallowing, digestion, and connects brain to spinal cord

22. Cerebellum – coordination and balance,

23. Thalamus – transmits info to and from proper area of cerebrum
Hypothalamus – regulates homeostasis – body temperature, hunger, thirst, circadian rhythms

24. Cerebrum – divided into two hemispheres, information processing and memory

25. 1. Cerebral cortex – outer layer of cerebrum, controls voluntary movement and cognitive function

26. 2. Corpus callosum – communication between hemispheres