1. Psychological perspectives for Health and Social Care
Unit 8

2. Unit Outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should:
1 Understand psychological perspectives
2 Understand psychological approaches to health and social care.

3. Psychological Theories
Behaviourist Approach
All behaviour is learnt
Social Learning Theory
Observe and copy role
models
Psychodynamic Approach
Behaviour is controlled by
the unconscious mind
Humanistic Approach
Humans strive to reach their potential
Cognitive Approach
Focuses on internal mental processes
Biological Approach
All behaviour has a
biological basis

4. The Behaviourist Approach
ALL BEHAVIOUR IS LEARNT
ALL BEHAVIOUR CAN BE UNLEARNT
Learn through a process of conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning

5. Operant conditioning Learn through reinforcement and punishment
(Supernanny Technique)
Positive Reinforcement (Reward)
Behaviour will increase if rewarded
Punishment (naughty step)
Behaviour will reduces if punished

6. Operant conditioning
“Behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences.”
Behaviour
Consequence
Likelihood of repetition
Reinforcement
Punishment

7.  Operant conditioning
“Behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences.”
Behaviour
Consequence
Likelihood of repetition 
Reinforcement

8.  Operant conditioning
“Behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences.”
Behaviour
Consequence
Likelihood of repetition 
Punishment

9. Operant conditioning
The Skinner Box

10. References:
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York: Random House. 10

11. Classical conditioning
Pavlov Dog Experiment

12. Classical conditioning
Learning by association
When a neutral stimulus is associated with a stimulus that does cause a response
Dentist drill Tooth pain
Just the sound of the drill becomes associated drill stimulus and response of pain
Classical conditioning has occurred just the sound of a drill causes a pain in the mouth

14. Teacher’s notes:
US=unconditioned stimulus; UR=unconditioned response; NS=neutral stimulus; CS=conditioned stimulus; CR=conditioned response. (These are given on the next slide).
References:
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Translated and Edited by G. V. Anrep. London: Oxford University Press 14

15. What's the condition?

16. Question 1.
A pet owner is training his dog. Every time the dog rolls over the owner gives his pet a treat and whistles at the same time. Three weeks later when the owner whistles the dog rolls over

17. Question 2.
A prisoner has been fighting in jail so the prisoner governor has sent the prisoner to seclusion

18. Question 3.
A students achieves 100% in an exam so her mum gives her £50.

19. Question 4.
To try to treat alcoholism alcoholics are given a foul tasting substance to eat every time they go to have a drink of alcohol

20. Question 5.
Bruce has been grounded for picking on his sister

21. P1 You need to write about the behaviourist approach.
You must include:
The role of reinforcement,
Conditioning
Pavlov
Skinner
Maybe use these as sub-headings to structure your work.