1. Into to A&P: Tissues and Integumentary System
Biol 105
Lecture 7
Chapter 4

2. Integumentary System (includes: skin, hair, nails)
Outline
Tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous tissues
Cell to cell contact
Body cavities
Membranes
Homeostasis
Integumentary System (includes: skin, hair, nails)

3. Figure: 25-03
Title: Levels of Organization in the Human Body
Caption: Atoms form molecules, which in turn combine to form organelles, which combine to form cells, such as heart muscle cells. A group of cells that performs a common function is a tissue; here cells have formed heart muscle tissue (whose common function is heart muscle contraction). Two or more tissues combine to form an organ such as the heart. The heart is one component of the cardiovascular system; other parts of the system are blood and blood vessels. All the organ systems combine to create an organism, in this case a human being.

4. Organization of the Human Body
Multicellular organisms require specialized cells to perform specific tasks
These cells then organize into tissues, organs and organ systems

5. Tissues
A tissue is a group of cells that work together to accomplish a common function.

6. Tissues There are four primary tissue types Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

7. Tissues - Epithelial
Epithelial tissue covers the body surfaces, lines cavities and organs, and forms glands

8. Tissues - Connective
Connective tissue – binds and supports the body, provides protection for our organs serves as a storage site for fat, participates in our immunity

9. Tissues – Muscle and Nervous
Muscle tissue is responsible for movement
Nervous tissue receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses.

10. Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissues (epithelium) cover surfaces – outside of the body (our skin), as well as lines internal cavities and tubes and the inside surface of the stomach and the lungs
Serves for protection, secretion and absorption, may contain glands
Cells are tightly packed together

11. Epithelial Tissue All epithelial tissues share two characteristics
A free surface that may be specialized for protection, secretion, or absorption
A basement membrane which binds the epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue

12. Epithelial Tissue - Shapes
The three basic shapes of epithelial cells
Squamous epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium
Columnar epithelium

13. Types of Epithelial Tissues
Simple epithelial - a single layer of cells classified according to cell types.
Stratified epithelial – Two or more layers of cells one on top of the other
Pseudostratified epithelial: Looks like it has more than one layer but does not.
Glandular epithelial - secretes products like mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones.
4-10

14. Simple squamous epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium - flattened cells
Forming the lining of blood vessels and air sacs = alveoli (in lungs).
Functions: Exchange of nutrients, waste and gases, protection
4-10

15. Simple Squamous Epithelial
• One layer of flattened cells
• Located in air sacs of lungs, heart and blood
vessel linings
• Allows exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes
Figure 4.1 (1 of 6)

16. Stratified Squamous Epithelial
Several layers of flattened cells
Located on surface of skin, lining of mouth, esophagus, and vagina
Functions: Provides protection against abrasion, infection,and drying out

17. Stratified Squamous Epithelial
• Several layers of flattened cells
• Located on surface of skin, lining of mouth, esophagus,
and vagina
• Provides protection against abrasion, infection,
and drying out
Figure 4.1 (4 of 6)

18. Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium - cubed shaped cells
Lining the kidney tubules and ovaries and glands.
Functions: secretion, absorption
4-10

19. Simple cuboidal Epithelial
• One layer of cube-shaped cells
• Located in linings of kidney tubules and glands
• Functions in absorption and secretion
Figure 4.1 (2 of 6)

20. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium – more than one layer of cubed shaped cells
Located in ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, and salivary glands.
Functions: protection
4-10

21. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
Stratified cuboidal
• Usually two layers of cube-shaped cells
• Located in ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands,
and salivary glands
• Functions in protection
Figure 4.1 (5 of 6)

22. Simple columnar epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium – one layer of rectangular cells
Lining the digestive tract, respiratory tract and the uterus.
Functions: absorption, secretion
4-10

23. Simple columnar epithelial
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
Simple columnar
• One layer of tall, slender cells
• Located in lining of gut and respiratory tract
• Functions in absorption and secretion
Figure 4.1 (3 of 6)

24. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Looks like it has more than one layer but does not.
Lines respiratory tract.
Function: Remove debris out of the lungs
4-10

25. Stratified columnar epithelium
Stratifed columnar epithelium – more than one layer of rectangular cells
Location: rare, urethra, junction of esophagus and stomach.
Functions: protection, secretion
4-10

26. Stratified columnar epithelial
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
Stratified columnar
• Several layers of tall, slender cells
• Rare, located in urethra (tube through which urine
leaves the body)
• Functions in protection and secretion
Figure 4.1 (6 of 6)

27. Tissue
Specialization
Location
Simple squamous
Diffusion
alveoli and blood vessels
Simple cuboidal
Absorption and secretion
Kidney tubules, ovaries, and glands
Simple Columnar
digestive tract, respiratory tract, and uterus
Pseudost.
Removing debris
respiratory tract

28. Tissue
Specialization
Location
Stratified squamous
Protection
Skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina
Stratified cuboidal
Ducts of mammary, sweat and salivary glands
Stratified Columnar
Protection and secretion
Urethra, junction of esophagus and stomach

29. Table 4.1 Epithelial tissues

30. Glands Glands are composed of epithelial tissue
Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts
Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into blood

31. Connective Tissue
Connective tissues stabilize, bind and support other tissues.
Cells in connective tissue are usually separated from each other by extracellular material (ex: fibers, carbohydrates).
The connective tissue cells secrete this extracellular material.

32. Connective Tissue
Table 4.2

33. Which of the following is a location you would find simple cuboidal epithelial
Blood vessels
Uterus
Kidneys
Digestive tract

34. Connective tissue Many different types of connective tissue: Areolar
Adipose
Dense (Tendons and Ligaments)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

35. 1. Loose Areolar Connective Tissue
Cells: Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts secrete protein fibers
Functions – bind and support

36. Figure 4.2a
Cells = fibroblasts

37. 2. Loose Adipose Connective Tissue
Cells: Adipose cells
Stores triglycerides
Functions – energy storage, insulation, cushioning for organs
Location: under skin, around kidneys and heart

38. Loose Adipose Tissue Adipose (fat) tissue
• Found under skin, around kidneys
and heart
• Functions in energy storage and insulation;
cushioning for organs
Figure 4.2 (2 of 6)

39. 3. Dense Connective Tissues
Cells: Fibroblasts
Locations: Tendons, Ligaments
Functions: Attach bone to bone (ligaments)
Attach muscle to bond (tendons)

40. Dense Connective Tissue
• Found in tendons and ligaments
• Forms strong bands that attach
bone to muscle or bone to bone
Figure 4.2 (3 of 6)

41. Cells are in chambers = lacunae
4. Cartilage
Cells are in chambers = lacunae
Lacunae are surrounded by a matrix. This type of tissue is strong but flexible.
There is not a direct blood supply so this type of tissue heals slowly
4-5

42. Functions: support and protection (cushioning)
4. Cartilage
Cells: Chondrocytes
Locations: nose, ends of long bones, ribs, in joints, outer ear, and between the vertebrae in the backbone.
Functions: support and protection (cushioning)
4-5

43. Figure 4.2c

44. Rigid connective tissue.
5. Bone
Rigid connective tissue.
Made of hard matrix (strength) and protein fibers including collagen (strength and flexibility)
Cells are found in lacunae
Bone cell = osteocyte

45. Bone - Functions Functions: Protects and supports internal structures
Facilitates movement along with muscles
Stores lipids, calcium, and phosphorus
Produces blood cells

46. Figure: 25-09ab
Title: Large- and Small-Scale Features of a Typical Bone
Caption: (a) and (b).

47. Specialized Connective Tissue
Bone
• Found in the skeleton
• Functions in support, protection
(by enclosing organs), and movement
Figure 4.2 (5 of 6)

48. Red Blood Cells (RBC) - transports oxygen to body cells.
Blood consists of liquid (plasma) and formed elements including:
Red Blood Cells (RBC) - transports oxygen to body cells.
White Blood Cells (WBC) - fight infection
Platelets—cell fragments necessary for clotting of the blood.
4-7

49. Blood Blood • Found within blood vessels
• Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes;
fights infections
Figure 4.2 (6 of 6)

50. What cells are found in dense connective tissue
Chondrocytes
Osteocytes
Fibroblasts
Osteoblasts

51. Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue can contract and shorten
Three types of muscle tissue that vary in structure, location, and control mechanisms
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

52. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Location: attached to bones
Type of control: under voluntary control

53. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Striation
Nucleus
Width of one
muscle cell
Skeletal muscle
• Long cylindrical striated
cells with many nuclei
• Voluntary contraction
• Most are found attached
to the skeleton
• Responsible for
voluntary movement
Figure 4.3 (1 of 3)

54. Location: walls of the heart muscle
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Location: walls of the heart muscle
Type of Control: under involuntary control

55. Cardiac Muscle Tissue Cardiac muscle Striation Specialized junction
Nucleus
Cardiac muscle
• Branching striated cells,
one nucleus
• Involuntary contraction
• Found in wall of heart
• Pumps blood through
the body
Figure 4.3 (2 of 3)

56. Type of Control: under involuntary control
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Location: surround other organs and structures ex: blood vessels, digestive system, lungs.
Type of Control: under involuntary control

57. Smooth Muscle Tissue Smooth muscle Nucleus Smooth muscle cell
• Cells tapered at each end,
one nucleus
• Involuntary contraction
• Found in walls of hollow
internal organs, such as
the intestines, and tubes,
such as blood vessels
• Contractions in digestive
system move food along
• When arranged in circle,
controls diameter of tube
Figure 4.2 (6 of 6)

58. Muscle Tissue
Table 4.3

59. This type of muscle is under voluntary control
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

60. Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue
Consists of neurons and neuroglia
Makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Functions: conducts messages throughout the body

61. Nervous Tissue Neurons – nerve cells that conduct the message
Neuroglia – cells that support neurons

62. Nervous Tissue
Axon
Dendrite
Cell body
Neuron
Neuroglia
Figure 4.4

63. Cell Junctions
The cells that make up tissues are held together by three types of junctions
Tight junctions
Adhesion junctions
Gap junctions

64. Function: Prevent substances from leaking across tissues
Tight Junctions
Function: Prevent substances from leaking across tissues
Locations: Urinary tract, digestive tract

65. Tight Junctions
• Creates an impermeable junction that prevents the exchange of materials between cells
• Found between epithelial cells of the digestive tract, where they prevent digestive enzymes and microorganisms from entering the blood
Plasma
membrane
Intercellular
space
Tight junction
protein
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Figure 4.5a

66. Locations: skin, opening of the uterus
Adhesion Junctions
Function: hold adjacent cells together and allow tissues to be flexible
Locations: skin, opening of the uterus

67. Adhesion Junctions • Holds cells together despite stretching
• Found in tissues that are often stretched, such as the skin and the opening of the uterus
Intercellular
space
Figure 4.5b

68. Location: heart and smooth muscle
Gap Junctions
Function: open channels between cells allowing rapid communication due to quick transfer of ions and small molecules between neighboring cells
Location: heart and smooth muscle

69. Cell Junctions
• Allows cells to communicate by allowing small molecules and ions to pass from cell to cell
• Found in epithelia in which the movement of ions coordinates functions, such as the beating
of cilia; found in excitable tissue such as heart and smooth muscle
Protein
channels
Intercellular
space
Figure 4.5c

70. Which junction allows rapid communication between neighboring cells
Tight
Adhering
Gap

71. Which junction prevent substances from leaking across tissues
Tight
Adhering
Gap

72. Dorsal cavity (posterior) Ventral cavity (anterior)
Body Cavities
We have two main body cavities
Dorsal cavity (posterior)
Ventral cavity (anterior)

73. Body Cavities Ventral cavity Dorsal cavity Cranial cavity
contains brain
Spinal cavity
contains
spinal cord
Rib
Ventral
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Vertebra
Figure 4.7 (2 of 2)

74. Ventral Body Cavity The ventral cavity is divided into two cavities:
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity.
The diaphragm is a broad sheet of muscle that divides the two cavities

75. Thoracic Cavity The thoracic cavity is further subdivided into:
the pleural cavities – contains lungs
the pericardial cavity – contains heart

76. Body Cavities Ventral cavity Thoracic cavity Pleural cavity contains
a lung
Thoracic
cavity
Pericardial
cavity
contains
heart
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Figure 4.7 (1 of 6)

77. Abdominal Cavity
The abdominal cavity contains the digestive system, the urinary system, and the reproductive system

78. Dorsal Cavity Dorsal cavity is divided into two cavities:
Cranial – contains brain
Spinal – contains spinal cord

79. Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Cranial cavity contains brain
Spinal cavity
contains
spinal cord
Vertebra
Figure 4.7 (2 of 2)

80. The arrow is pointing to the
Cranial
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic

81. The arrow is pointing to the
Cranial
Thoracic
Abdominopelvic

82. The arrow is pointing to the
Pleural
Pericardial

83. Membranes
Body cavities and surfaces of organs are covered with membranes
Membranes are sheets of epithelium supported by connective tissues
Membranes protect tissues and organs

84. Membranes Mucous Serous Synovial Cutaneous
There are four types of membranes:
Mucous
Serous
Synovial
Cutaneous

85. Mucus Membranes
Mucous – line passages to the exterior world, including those of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems in the body.
Secrete mucus

86. Secrete lubricating fluid
Serous Membranes
Serous –line thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and the organs contained in them.
Secrete lubricating fluid

87. Synovial – line cavities of freely movable joints
Synovial Membranes
Synovial – line cavities of freely movable joints
Secrete a lubricating fluid

88. Cutaneous: skin, lines the outside of the body, thick, dry
Cutaneous Membranes
Cutaneous: skin, lines the outside of the body, thick, dry

89. Organs and Organ System
An organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
In turn, organs work together to form an organ system

90. Organs Stomach as an example
Epithelium lines the stomach and secretes acid to digest the food.
Nerve tissue stimulates cells to release the acid.
Muscles contract to push food through the stomach.
Connective tissue supports these other tissues

91. Figure: 25-05
Title: Organs Are Composed of Tissues
Caption: The stomach is a typical organ in that it is composed of various tissue types. Nervous tissue controls the release of digestive juices into the stomach and also controls the contractions of stomach’s digestive muscle tissues. Connective tissue helps support and stabilize the other tissues around it. Epithelial tissue lines the stomach’s surface, which comes into contact with the food we eat. The individual epithelial cells pictured secrete digestive acids and enzymes.

92. Homeostasis
Homeostasis – the ability to maintain the body at a relatively stable environment

93. Feedback
The body uses the nervous system and the endocrine systems to maintain homeostasis.
Controlled by negative or positive feedback

94. Feedback
Figure 4.13

95. Feedback Mechanism
A receptor detects a change in the internal or external environment.
A control center, such as a part of the brain, integrates the information coming from all receptors and sends out an appropriate response
The effector carries out the response returning the system to homeostasis again

96. Hormones
Hormones – A substance released into the blood, carries a message to other parts of the body
When hormones are released from one part of the body they cause another part of the body to react

97. Feedback
In general, Negative Feedback is used to keep the body in balance, it keeps the status quo
Positive Feedback is used to change the situation

98. Negative Feedback Example
Example: calcium regulation.
Calcium is stored in the bones and circulates in the blood stream.
Cells in the bones, osteoclasts release calcium from bone

99. Negative Feedback Example
Stimulus: when calcium levels drop too low in the blood stream.
Sensor: Parathyroid glands
Control center: the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone
Effectors: Osteoclast cells in bone release calcium, Kidneys reabsorb more Ca++

100. Negative Feedback Example Cont.
Stimulus: when calcium levels increase too high in the blood stream.
Sensor: Parathyroid glands
Control center: the parathyroid gland stops releases parathyroid hormone
Effectors: Osteoclast cells in bone stop releasing calcium, Kidneys reabsorb less Ca++

101. Negative Feedback Example Temperature
Read pages 86 – 89.
Temperature regulation in the body
Hyperthermia, abnormally elevated body temperature.
Hypothermia, abnormally low body temperature.

102. Negative Feedback Example - Temperature
The thermostat for the body is located in the hypothalamus
PLAY
Animation—Homeostasis

103. Positive Feedback – Example Childbirth
Stimulus: When the baby leaves the uterus, the muscles in the cervix stretch. Nerves in the cervix send a message to the hypothalamus gland
Sensor: strech receptors in the cervix
Control Center: Hypothalamus gland causes the pituitary gland to release oxytocin
Effector : muscles of uterus contract

104. Positive Feedback – Example Childbirth
More pressure stimulates the stretch receptors, which signal the hypothalamus to tell the pituitary gland to release more oxytocin

105. exocrine glands (sweat and oil glands)
Integumentary System
Components of the integumentary:
Skin
Nails
Hair
exocrine glands (sweat and oil glands)

106. Integumentary System Functions
Provides protection from bacteria, UV radiation, chemicals, physical injury
Reduce water loss
Temperature regulation
Vitamin D production
Contains sensors that detect pain, temperature, and pressure.

107. Epidermis – thin outer layer of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Skin Layers
The epidermis has two layers:
Epidermis – thin outer layer of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Dermis – thick underlying layer of mainly connective tissue

108. Figure 4.8 Hair shaft Sweat pore Area of rapidly dividing cells
Arrector
pili muscle
Sensory
receptor
Epidermis
Oil
(sebaceous)
gland
Dermis
Sensory
nerve fiber
Adipose
tissue
Hypodermis
Sweat gland
Hair follicle
Pressure receptor
Vein
Artery
Hair root
Figure 4.8

109. Figure 4.10a
Figure 4.10a

110. Epidermis
Epidermis consists of several layers of squamous epithelial cells (stratified)
Deepest layer contains rapidly dividing cells
Outer surface is made up of dead skin cells
Protective properties come from keratin
Melanocytes produce melanin

111. Dermis The dermis consists primarily of connective tissue
Also contains vascular tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, nerves, sensory receptors
Collagen and elastic fibers are found in the lower layer, which allows the skin to stretch and return to its original shape

112. Hypodermis
The hypodermis is a layer of loose connective tissue beneath the dermis and epidermis connecting it to other tissues
The hypodermis is not a part of the skin, it lays underneath the skin

113. Accessory Organs of the Skin:
Nails - sheets of hard keratinized cells forming a protective covering for the fingers and toes.
Hair follicles - found in the dermis and where sebum is released to lubricate the hair.
Sweat glands - play a role in modifying body temperature and have ducts that lead to a pore at the surface of the skin.
Sebaceous glands - secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.
4-14

114. Skin Cancer Melanin protects against UV radiation
Three types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma – from rapidly dividing cells deep in the epidermis
Squamous cell carcinoma - from newly formed cells as they flatten
Melanoma - from melanocytes, far more dangerous than other skin cancers.

115. Figure 4.A Three skin cancers

116. Melanoma in the United States – 2005 Estimates
Ref: the American Cancer Society
New Cases
59,600
Deaths Per Year
7,800
5-Year Overall Survival Rate
91%
5-Year Localized Survival Rate
98%
5-Year regional Survival Rate
60%
5-Year distant Survival Rate
14%

117. These cells found in skin produce pigments
Chondrocytes
Melanocytes
Fibroblasts
Osteocytes

118. Why does it take longer for cartilage to heal
Important Concepts
Read Ch 5
What are the 4 tissue types, their functions, and examples of each type.
What are examples, functions and locations of each of the types of connective tissue.
Why does it take longer for cartilage to heal
What cell types are found in each type of connective tissue

119. What are the two types of nervous tissue cells and their function.
Important Concepts
What are the functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
What are the three types of muscle, their functions and where they are found, are they under voluntary or involuntary control
What are the two types of nervous tissue cells and their function.
What are the types of epithelial tissue, where are they found and what are their functions.

120. What are the two types of glands
Important concepts
What are the two types of glands
How does negative and positive feedback work, be able to describe the examples of negative and positive feedback given in class and in the textbook, identify the sensor, control center, and effector for each example
What are the three cell-cell junctions and their functions

121. What are the four types of membranes, their functions and locations
Important concepts
Identify the body cavities, what is their location and what is contained in the cavities
What are the four types of membranes, their functions and locations
What are the functions of the integumentary system
Components of the integumentary system and their functions

122. What are melanocytes, what is their function
Important concepts
What are the two layers of the skin. What type of tissues comprise each layer, where are the layers located
What layer lays underneath the skin, what tissue type comprises this layer
What are the three types of skin cancer, where do they originate, which is more likely to spread to other parts of the body
What are melanocytes, what is their function

123. Definitions
Tissue, Organ, organ system, Tight junctions, Adhesion junctions, Gap junctions, Exocrine glands, Endocrine glands, Homeostasis, Hormones, hypodermis, diaphragm, sebum, sebaceous glands, keratin, basement membrane, lacunae, voluntary control, involuntary control, hyperthermia, hypothermia, melanin, hypodermis