1. THOUGHT BREAK
Much of social sciences in the 20th century interested in manipulation and creation of healthy and mature citizens of ideal society
Social studies at its most ambitious (and secular) aimed to build “the most majestic civilization ever fashioned by any people.” George S. Counts
“Social studies” taught in public, state-run schools was to mold the properly socialized citizens of this grand future.
The dream of a world regenerated through social planning has faded, but lingers…

2. Be aware of underlying bias and worldview of much of social science:
To understand human beings in order to create better (ideal) citizens and society

3. THIS VS. THAT
Psychoanalysis vs. Behaviorism

4. 4 ~ Behaviourism
Suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces.
attempts to explain behavior without any reference whatsoever to mental states and processes
Focused on observable behavior.
Theories of learning including classical conditioning and operant conditioning
This school had a major influence on the course of psychology and many of the ideas and techniques that emerged from this school of thought are still widely used today.

5. Charles B. Watson (1878-1958) Founder of Behaviourism
Animal experiments
Strict or flexible learning patterns are more effective?
Wrote book Psychological Care of the Infant and Child
concluded that children should be brought up using a ‘scientific’, strictly scheduled, rules-based model.

6. 4 ~ Behaviourism Summarily:
Takes the objective evidence of behaviour (as measured responses to stimuli) as the only concern of its research
conscious experience is unimportant… too subjective
Can predict and control or modify human behaviour by identifying the factors that motivate it in the first place
Big Names: Pavlov, Skinner, Watson

7. Which is more important for behaviourism, nature or nurture?
Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. -Watson, Behaviorism, 1930

8. B.F. Skinner ( )
Skinner proved that pigeons could be trained (taught) to peck at a particular coloured disk to get food rewards
Rats received food rewards for pressing specific levers in a complicated sequence leading many theorists to believe that learning was a STIMULUS-RESPONSE effect
If subject is correctly stimulated, will give the appropriate response
OPERANT CONDITIONING: learning can be programmed by whatever consequences follow a particular behaviour

10. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Pavlov’s experiments with dogs
Possible to get a dog to associate the sound of a bell with the imminent arrival of food
At the sound of a bell, the dog would salivate in anticipation

12. Speaking of learning and behaviour and child rearing…
Have you ever heard of Benjamin Spock????

13. Benjamin Spock ( )
Permissive approach to child rearing, rather than a strict one, would result in successful, well-adjusted adults.
He encouraged parents to be loving, flexible and supportive
Wrote book “Baby and Child Care”

14. 5 - Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory agrees with the behaviorist learning theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Two new, important ideas:
Mediating processes occur between stimuli & responses.
Behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning.
Clarification: People born with little instinct but much learning potential
Unlike Skinner, Bandura (1977) believes that humans are active information processors and think about the relationship between their behavior and its consequences. Observational learning could not occur unless cognitive processes were at work. These mental factors mediate (i.e., intervene) in the learning process to determine whether a new response is acquired.
Therefore, individuals do not automatically observe the behavior of a model and imitate it. There is some thought prior to imitation, and this consideration is called mediational processes. This occurs between observing the behavior (stimulus) and imitating it or not (response)

15. Social Learning Theory
Behaviour is learned, esp. in youth
By controlling the way in which we learn behaviours, society can have a great influence on their ultimate personalities
Children of loving families grow up to become secure & loving adults
only if parents provided clear and consistent expectations for good behaviour
swift but fair consequences for bad behaviour

16. Albert Bandura (Born in 1925)
Learning theorist – learning is largely a modeling experience
More complex than stimulus-response
When humans observe behaviour – either acceptable or unacceptable – they are more likely to practice it
Experiment- Bobo
Questions:
What does this mean to us?
What applications can be made to today?

17. #6 - Humanistic Psychology
Reaction 1: claim behaviourists are over-concerned with the scientific study and analysis of the actions of people as organisms (to the neglect of basic aspects of people as feeling, thinking individuals) and that too much effort is spent in laboratory research—a practice that quantifies and reduces human behaviour to its elements.
Reaction 2: dislike deterministic orientation of psychoanalysis, which postulates that one’s early experiences and drives determine one’s behaviour. The humanist is concerned with the fullest growth of the individual in the areas of love, fulfillment, self-worth, and autonomy
supporting the belief that humans, as individuals, are unique beings and should be recognized and treated as such by psychologists and psychiatrists.
movement grew in opposition to the two mainstream 20th-century trends in psychology, behaviourism and psychoanalysis.

18. Abraham Maslow ( )
Analysis of human needs organized into a hierarchy ranging from basic survival through to the need for love, security and esteem
Highest level was “self actualization” (integration of the self; making the personality whole)
Maslow’s theories had most profound impact on industrial psychology (making workplace a satisfying experience by raising morale of workers to improve performance)

19. Maslow…
“What a man can be, he must be. This need we may call self-actualization… It  refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming

20. The Origin of our “Self” Obsession…
The concept of the self is a central focal point for most humanistic psychologists. In the “personal construct” theory of American psychologist George Kelly and the “self-centred” theory of American psychotherapist Carl Rogers, individuals are said to perceive the world according to their own experiences. This perception affects their personality and leads them to direct their behaviour to satisfy the needs of the total self. Rogers stressed that, in the development of an individual’s personality, the person strives for “self-actualization (to become oneself), self-maintenance (to keep on being oneself), and self-enhancement (to transcend the status quo)
The Origin of our “Self” Obsession…

21. But which self?
To become all of what you are capable of becoming is a grand and noble pursuit and a deeply Christian idea
It’s the idea of sanctification and fruitfulness
But how is this done? Which self is “actualized?”
“Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross daily and follow me. For whoever wants to save their life will lose it, but whoever loses their life for me will save it." (Luke 9:23-24)
Beautiful irony: You only become your whole, three-dimensional self by losing your me-centered king self to a them-centered servant self
Only possible through repentance, humility, service
The nature of biblical truth is often paradoxical (a beautiful manifestation of the supernatural and mysterious power of God's Word). We can be uplifted by the paradoxical truth that we are actually empowered through our submission to God, for it is through dying to self that we truly live!

22. But seriously… let’s watch a video!!!

25. The Monty Hall Problem