1. Memory and Encoding By Farid and Kim

2. Memory processes
Encoding: Transforming sensory information into a meaningful memory.
Storage: Creating a biological trace of the encoded information in memory, which is either consolidated or lost.
Retrieval: Using the stored information

3. Encoding types of Memory

4. Imagery Memory
Taken from brief sensual interference with the environment
Through visual or auditory interaction
Baddeley and Hitch (1974) – “Visuospatial scratchpad”

5. Procedural Memory Memory for knowing how to do things Walk, talk, eat
Unable to consciously describe how we do them
Highly resistant to forgetting

6. Declarative Memory
Concerns all the information that we can describe or report
Semantic memory: general facts and knowledge Eg. Knowing that Obama is president
Episodic: “knowing when” memory
Eg. Through association
Lindsay and Norman (1977) – based upon personal experience

7. Duration types of Memory

8. Sensory Memory
Comes from senses and has a limited capacity of less than a second
It could be iconic memory or echoic memory
Sperling – Iconic Memory

9. Short-Term Memory
Information selected by attention from sensory memory, may pass into short-term memory (STM)
Allows us to remember long enough to use
Lasts between seconds and has a limited capacity of 7 (+/- 2) chunks of information
Mostly encoded acoustically
Peterson and Peterson (1959)

10. Long-Term Memory Ranges between minutes and a lifetime
Although the capacity cannot be measured, it is almost limitless
Mainly encoded through the meaning (semantic memory), also retains procedural skills and imagery
Baddeley (1966) – Semantic memory