1. HONORS

2. *Reflection*
Reflection: when a wave strikes an object and bounces off of it.
All types of waves can be reflected.
Ex. Echoes are reflected sound waves!

3. Law of Reflection
Law of Reflection: angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.
Incident ray
(wave that strikes the surface)
Reflected ray
(wave that bounces off of surface)
Angle of Incidence
Angle of Reflection
Reflecting surface

4. *Refraction*
Refraction: the bending of waves caused by a change in its speed as it moves from one medium through another.
The greater the change in speed, the more the wave bends.
We will learn in Concept 3 notes how refraction between different lenses (convex vs. concave) can correct near-sightedness and far-sightedness.

5. How do prisms work?
Light waves enter into a prism and slow down due to the change in medium.
This causes the waves to bend (refract) as they move through the new medium.
The different colors of light bend different amounts, thus the colors are separated.
This is because each color of light is a different wavelength, thus travels at a different speed.
I would expect Honors students to be able to explain this in detail on an assessment.
CP I just would expect to be able to summarize the basic ideas, like #1-2 and not the side points.

6. Real World Example: Rainbows
How do prisms work?
Real World Example: Rainbows

7. The picture above has a smaller opening, thus more diffraction
Diffraction: when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it.
Amount of diffraction depends on:
The size of the object the waves hit.
The wavelength of the waves.
Sound waves tend to diffract much better than light waves because they are much larger.
The picture above has a smaller opening, thus more diffraction

8. *Absorption*
Absorption: when a wave strikes an object and goes into it (is absorbed.)
Energy from the wave gets converted to thermal energy.
Ex. Dark colors are better at absorbing light waves than light, thus it is better to wear dark colors in the winter to stay warmer outside!

9. *Interference*
Interference: when two or more waves combine to form a new wave.

10. Can be constructive or destructive.
*Interference*
Can be constructive or destructive.
Constructive Interference: when two or more waves add together.
Like parts of waves must line up.
Results in an increase in amplitude of the wave.
Destructive Interference: when two or more waves subtract from one another when they overlap.
Opposite parts of waves must line up.

11. A phenomenon of interference.
Standing Waves
A phenomenon of interference.
Standing waves: special type of wave pattern that forms when waves equal in wavelength and amplitude, but traveling in opposite directions, continuously interfere with each other.
Occurs when medium vibrates at a specific frequency.
Creates a wave that does not move or have a change in amplitude.
Certain instruments, like violin strings, can create standing waves.
Node: where the waves cancel out

12. *Resonance*
Resonance: process where an object is made to vibrate at its natural frequency by absorbing the energy of another object that is vibrating at the same frequency.
Ex. Tuning forks.
Demo: If you have two tuning forks of the same frequency you can do this! Strike one tuning fork against the table. It will vibrate at its natural frequency. After a few seconds, use your fingers to stop its vibration. The class should still hear it though, due to resonance which causes the other tuning fork to start vibrating at its natural frequency.