1. First People – First Farmers
Paleolithic period – humans migrated out of Africa and adapted to new environments
Egalitarian societies
Developed sophisticated technologies
Key Concept 1.1. Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth
The term Big Geography draws attention to the global nature of world history. Throughout the Paleolithic period, humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were mobile and creative in adapting to different geographical settings from savanna to desert to Ice Age tundra. By making an analogy with modern hunterforager societies, anthropologists infer that these bands were relatively egalitarian. Humans also developed varied and sophisticated technologies.
Paleolithic period – humans migrated out of Africa and adapted to new environments
Egalitarian societies
Developed sophisticated technologies
What key points should we take from this key concept?

2. Key Dates 3,500 B.C.E. – 1000 B.C.E – rise of first civilizations
BP = before present = years ago

3. What is meant by the term Civilizations?
New type of civilization made possible by the AR
Large populations
Cities – 10,000 +
State organizes &controls citizens
Economic specialization
Inequality of wealth
Describe the differences in control over people in chiefdoms and civilizations.

4. Origins of Civilizations
Neolithic Revolution (AR)
Irrigation Projects
Attempted order
Protect the elite
Warfare
Attempted order as populations grew and became more diverse… kinship ties and order no longer work
Robert Caneiro – limited resources lead to innovations in technology – plow/irrigation
Competition for resources led to warfare and winners gained new groups of people from conquered --- become lower class

5. Rise of the State Purpose of states Conflict between peoples
Large scale irrigation
Warfare and protection
Source of Power
China – son of heaven
Stewards of local god
Ability to collect and distribute tribute
Force is possible

6. Global phenomenon Core and Foundational Civilizations
Mesopotamia
Shang
Olmecs
Nile River Valley
Indus River Valley
Norte Chico
Independent, global, 3,500 B.C.E. – 1000 B.C.E.

7. Civilizations led to inequality
Burial sites and architecture show inequalities
Slavery arises with civilizations
Society becomes patriarchal
Laws make distinctions between classes
Egyptian man beating a slave while another begs for mercy

8. Legal System The Code of Hammurabi
Established high standards of behavior and stern punishment for violators
lex talionis – “law of retaliation”
Social status and punishment
women as property, but some rights

9. Rise of Patriarchal Societies
Warfare
Plow based agriculture
Taming nature
More children
Property inheritance
“Demotion of the Goddess”
Continues today
What led to the rise of patriarchal societies?
Intensive agriculture – away from home
Women are pregnant more often – more difficult to participate in agriculture
Food preparation and child care = less access to resources = lower status
Increased warfare = rise of warrior class --- which excludes women
Art and architecture highlight taming of nature --- women seen as close to nature ---- and to be tamed?
Property inheritance leads to a desire to control sexual behaviors of women
Religions focus on one male creator --- women had nothing to do with creation… goodbye goddess
Describe rights of Egyptian women
What is horticulture?

10. Writing systems emerge
Study the table on page 79 of the textbook.
Add three
observations
to your notebook.
Cuneiform
Oracle bones

11. Mesopotamia
3,000 B.C.E.

12. Temple
“Mountain of the Gods
80% Urban
Ziggurat at Ur
Defensive Walls