1. FROM MILITARY AUTHORITARIANISM TO THE NEW DEMOCRACY (1964-89)
BRAZIL
FROM MILITARY AUTHORITARIANISM TO THE NEW DEMOCRACY ( )

2. Unsuccessful Reform Under Castelo Branco: 1964 – 1966
Constitutional Act?
“Soft” demobilization of the most militant Vargas forces
Elections of 1966
Pro-Vargas forces victorious
Results not allowed to stand

3. Political Parties and Controlled Election Dynamics
Controlled two-party system (Constitution of 1966)
ARENA
PMDB
After 1979 the “controlled two party system” begins to favor the opposition
Legalization of additional political parties
Electoral laws discriminate against large cities

4. Military Regime and its Governments (Round One)
Arturo Costa e Silva ( )
Initially straddling the middle
Removal following a stroke
Emilio Garrastazú Medici ( )
Nationalism
Economic growth
OBAN – Dark Side

5. Military Regime and its Governments (Round 2)
Ernesto Geisel ( )
Economic growth slows
Assertion of government control over shadowy terror apparatus
João Figueiredo ( )
Dividing of the opposition
More economic difficulties
Designing an exit strategy

6. Brazilian Military Presidents
Castelo Branco
(1964 – 1967)
Costa e Silva
(1967 – 1969)
João Baptista Figueiredo
( )
Emílio Médici
(1969 – 1974)
Ernesto Geisel
( )

7. Why an Exit Strategy?
International investors felt insecure/feared blowup Catholic Church and the base communities
Modernized sectors lost faith in capability of the military to develop the country
Neighborhood organizations in the favelas of the large cities
Women as opponents of the military government

8. On the other hand!
Rural Northeast remained a stronghold of anti-democratic forces

9. Rural Northeast Remains a Stronghold of Traditionalist Interests
Large land-owners control the countryside
Politicians allied with military control state governments
Violence against lower classes more prevalent than in rest of the country

10. The Transition Begins (1985)
Short-lived triumph of Trancredo Neves
Split between Northeast traditionalists and business community of São Paulo
Military fearful of domestic insurgency
José Sarney: a second accidental presidency
Led ARENA political party in the senate during military regime
“Political Godfather” of the Northeast

11. The Transition (1986 – 1990)
José Sarney: a second accidental presidency
Transitory economic recovery
Economic downturn of 1986/87
Writing a new constitution ( )
Constitutional convention dominated by traditional political class
Two rounds of voting for president if no candidate has first round majority
Senate & Chamber of deputies favors traditional areas of the country

12. Presidential Election of 1989: First Round
Fragmented left coalesces
Brizola’s geographically constrained base
Lula and the PT make strides toward creating a truly national political party
The Right hangs on
GLOBO & Fernando Collor
Regional leaders in control of congress

13. Presidential Election of 1989: Second Round
Fernando Collor (53%)
Luis Ignacio “LULA” de Silva (47%)