1. El Niño-Southern Oscillation

2. Oceanic Temperatures as a Function of ENSO
Warm west, cold east
Warm everywhere, but particularly in the central Pacific
Warming erodes everywhere in response to upwelling
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

3. Oceanic Temperatures as a Function of ENSO
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

4. Oceanic Temperatures as a Function of ENSO
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

5. Oceanic Temperatures as a Function of ENSO
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

6. Southern Oscillation Index
pdiff = p(Tahiti) – p(Darwin)
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

7. Southern Oscillation Index
El Nino: Warmer at Tahiti -> Lower SLP -> Negative SOI
La Nina: Cooler at Tahiti -> Higher SLP -> Positive SOI
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

8. ENSO Monitoring Regions
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

9. Oceanic Niño Index
(Figure obtained from

10. Walker Circulation During La Niña Events
Enhanced cooling drives enhanced descent
Enhanced heating drives enhanced ascent
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

11. Walker Circulation During El Niño Events
Weakened cooling drives substantially weakened descent
Enhanced heating drives enhanced ascent
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

12. El Niño and the Australian Monsoon
(Figure obtained from Ch. 3 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

13. El Niño and W. Hemisphere Hurricanes
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

14. NH Winter Impacts of El Niño
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

15. NH Summer Impacts of El Niño
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

16. NH Winter Impacts of La Niña
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

17. NH Summer Impacts of La Niña
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

18. Northern Hemispheric Pattern Modulation by ENSO
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

19. Delayed Oscillator Theory
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

20. Delayed Oscillator Theory
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

21. Dynamical Model Forecasts of ENSO
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

22. Statistical Model Forecasts of ENSO
(Figure obtained from Ch. 4 of An Introduction to Tropical Meteorology, 2nd Edition. © 2016, COMET.)

23. Forecasting La Niña’s Demise?
(Figure obtained from