1. Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750-1914 CE
Big Era Seven
Industrialization
and
Its Consequences CE

2. Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1914)
During this Time…
Jot down your thoughts to these questions:
Would you be more likely to live in a rural (farm) area or an urban (city) area?
Would it be likely that you would be in school right now?
Would you have running water?
Would you have an electric lamp?
Was there a middle class?
Was there slavery?

3. Let’s paint a picture
Most of the population before the industrial revolution lived in rural areas
No, at your age you would be home working on the farm…
If your family was wealthy, however, you probably would be. Higher education was reserved for the wealthy
No, you would probably have a well (don’t fall in or place an evil girl down there who will kill you if you watch a video tape)
No, the electric light bulb did not become practical until late 1800s
Yes
Ex) slavery did not officially in U.S. end until the passing of the 13th Amendment in 1865

4. Communication Revolution
The Modern Revolution
Communication Revolution
Democratic Politics
Fossil Fuels
Quite a package! But how did these changes get all bundled up together?

5. For starters, in Big Era Seven human population was increasing faster than ever before!

6. World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

7. But the growth was not equal everywhere!
World Population in
Big Era Seven
But the growth was not equal everywhere! .

8. Population in Millions % of World Population
World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined.
Year
Population in Millions
% of World Population
1750
141
19.3
1850
292
25.0
1900
482
30.0
For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew significantly between 1750 and 1900.

9. Growth of the Population of Boston
,000
158%
3,010%
,038
Background photo:
,892

10. Not only was the human population growing, it was moving.

11. Migration from Europe from 1750 or earlier
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

12. Continuing Atlantic slave trade
after 1750
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

13. Labor migration from Asia
mainly after 1750
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

14. Major Global Migrations
Europeans overseas
including
Siberia
55-60,000,000
Africans to the
Americas
1,900,000
Asians overseas
2,500,000

15. And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!
But a growing population meant that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too.
And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!

16. The Fossil Fuel Revolution The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into use: Coal Electricity Gas Petroleum Nuclear

17. Industrial Revolution
Take a moment to write down your feelings/thoughts on these two images

18. By taking energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood…
Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994), 162.

19. and with better and better steam engines to harness coal’s energy…
Image:

20. Steam Power Steam power/engines
1712: Thomas Newcomen (British) developed a steam engine that was powered by coal to pump H2O out of mines
1764 James Watt improved upon the design, made it more efficient & paved the way for its use in transportation
For factory machines
Machines no longer had to be driven manually, but could be powered using a steam engine
Again this cuts production time down & the amount of workers needed
Increases the amount of product that can be produced

21. Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835
People could produce more efficiently.
Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835

22. In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities
In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?

23. Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807
And travel more quickly.
Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807

24. George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive
And travel more quickly
George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive
1829

25. The increasing power of steam engines in Big Era Seven
Chart: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 164.

26. The Industrial Revolution
Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation
British Factory:
Clermont:
Rocket:

27. What we see in England…
With a partner discuss these questions & come up with responses to each:
What were some contributing factors to the initial industrial revolution which began in England & trickled over to the U.S.?
Quality of life, did it improve or decline?
Urbanization, good or bad?

28. The Industrial Revolution allowed for new global economic relationships.

29. Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies
Russia
U.S.A.
India
Egypt
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Cotton exports from agrarian
economies to industrial economies

30. Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies

31. Old limits on how much energy people could use were gone!
And in Big Era Seven people tore down other limits too…

32. People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
New economic ideas
People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
People should be able to buy and sell labor freely.
People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.
Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia, 15th ed., v. 27 (2002), p. 312
Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776).

33. But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work?
New economic ideas
People should be able to buy and sell land freely.
People should be able to buy and sell labor freely.
People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.
But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work?
Sounds great!

34. Standardize weights and measures.
Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs.
Improve public health.

35. Transcontinental railroad
Metric system
1790
Transcontinental railroad
1869
Antiseptic medicine
1867

36. People moved more quickly. Ideas moved more quickly.

37. The Communication Revolution
Steamboat
Railroad
Transatlantic cable
Newspaper

38. One hour of optimum travel: Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km
The Speed Revolution
One hour of optimum travel:
Walking - 5 km
Horse-drawn coach - 10 km
Railway locomotive (1847) - 96 km
Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km
French rapid train km
Jet plane km
Source: Vaclav Smil, Energy in World History, 238.

39. Railway Development in Europe
1840
1850

40. Railway Development in Europe
1880

41. Railway Construction in India 1853-1931

42. World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars
The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole.
Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 261.
World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars
as valued in 1990

43. The countries which modernized first used it to their advantage.
Powerful, but not equal.

44. The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center.
Chart data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 263.
Percentage of World GDP
Western Europe and North America vs. Asia

45. After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market…
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45.
India, 1877

46. and it was often shipped to where it got the highest price,
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 45.
India, 1877

47. not to where it was needed most.
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (New York: Verso, 2001), 52.

48. And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy.

49. And more of the world was colonized than ever before.

50. Why does this occur?

51. Why does this occur? Economic interest Nationalism Military strategy
Many European countries have been industrialized & need additional resources
Nationalism
Military strategy
Humanitarian/Religious goals
Social Darwinism
Weakness of many non-western states

52. Types of rule Direct rule Education
Protectorate (leave local rulers in place but they follow European policies)
Sphere of influence (exclusive trading privileges with an area)