1. 9.1 -Transport in Xylem
Essential Idea: Structure and function are correlated throughout all plant functions.
The lignified xylem shown here are instrumental to plants maintaining structure as tissues are exposed to changing pressures as materials are transported throughout.

2. Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water.

6. Root Systems: Dicot vs Monocot
Essential Idea: Structure and function are correlated throughout all plant functions.
Root Systems: Dicot vs Monocot
Dicot roots have a branching structure comprised of several different types of roots
Shallow roots are responsible for collecting nutrients close to the surface
Tap roots are responsible for reaching the deeper nutrients found within the soil
Branching roots allow for maximum surfaces area to volume ratio for diffusion of nutrients
Root hairs increase the rate even further
Monocot roots are termed “adventitious” because each of the roots goes on its own journey
Monocots have root hairs to increase the rate of absorption
Monocots have surface roots and tap roots as well
Close up image showing the vast number of root hairs on each root tip

7. Active uptake of mineral ions in the roots causes absorption of water by osmosis.

8. Tissue Diagram – Dicot Leaf
Essential Idea: Structure and function are correlated throughout all plant functions.
Tissue Diagram – Dicot Leaf
Waxy Cuticle – prevents water loss
Palisade mesophyll – cells contain extra chloroplast, which assists with photosynthesis
Vascular bundles – transport water to the leaf (xylem) and starch away (phloem)
Spongy mesophyll – loosely packed, surfaces for gas exchange
Lower epidermis – controlling water loss, contain guard cells
Guard cells – open and close to allow water in/out through transpiration, or gas exchange

9. Tissue Diagram - Stem cross-section
Essential Idea: Structure and function are correlated throughout all plant functions.
Tissue Diagram - Stem cross-section
Distinguish between the xylem and other cell types found in the stem cross section.

11. Drawing the structure of primary xylem vessels in sections of stems based on microscope images.
Depending on the type of plant, vascular tissue is arranged into several arrangements throughout the stem.
Both arrangements result in xylem moving water from the roots to the leaves.
Draw a tissue diagram from the microscope images above.

12. Adaptations of plants in deserts and in saline soils for water conservation.

13. Saline Soil Adaptations - Inquiry
We have seen how plants adapt to dry environments, but many plants need to grow in salty environments as well.
Research one of the following plants:
Anemopsis californica (yerba mansa, lizard tail)
Atriplex (saltbush, orache, orach)
Attalea speciosa (babassu)
Panicum virgatum (switchgrass)
Salicornia bigelovii (dwarf glasswort, pickleweed)
Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass)
Tetragonia tetragonoides (warrigal greens, kōkihi, sea spinach)
Determine the adaptations that your plant has made to survive in the salty environments in which they grow.
Describe the way in which each of the adaptations affect the transpiration of water through plants.
What would be the relevance of these adaptations, if scientists were able to place them in wheat or rice?

15. Design of an experiment to test hypotheses about the effect of temperature or humidity on transpiration rates.
Design
Design your own protocol for measuring the amount of transpiration that occurs in a plant. You may use any method you would like, but the dependent variable should be either water uptake or water vapor produced.
While designing, think of the following:
How will you make sure to measure all of the water?
How will you keep it airtight (if needed)?
Where in the plant does water enter?
Where in a plant does water exit through?
Turn it in by the end of the period.

16. Additional Resources: