1. RECONSTRUCTING THE PAST

2. We will identify major causes and describe the major effects of the following events from 8000 BC to 500 BC: the development of agriculture and the development of the river valley civilizations (1A)
Identify the characteristics of civilization (2B)
Identify methods used by archaeologists, anthropologists, historians, and geographers to analyze evidence (29A)
Identify important changes in human life caused by the Neolithic Revolution (17A) CLOSING TASK

3. Characteristics of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
PREHISTORY
Characteristics of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic

4. define: pre·his·tor·ic
Of, relating to, or belonging to the era before the creation of writing and/or recorded history.
IMPORTANT!!!
1. So, how do we know about the caveman if they didn’t keep written records?

5. Archeologists, Anthropologist Historian, Geographers
Bones
Carbon dating
Cave paintings
Pottery
Weapons
Soil
Look on page 13 in your textbook

6. Paleolithic Age Background
Hominids- are creatures that walk upright on 2 legs and opposable thumbs
Hominids originated in in Africa
Lived during the Stone Age and Ice Age
They where nomadic cavemen/women following their food with no permanent place to call home

7. Characteristics of PALEOLITHIC AGE (Old Stone Age) 2 million BC
Kept fires going
Made tools and weapons out of bone--Chipped stone (flint or obsidian) example fishhooks made of bone
Developed club, spear, and bola
Primitive religion
Development of language
Lived in clans
Used animal skins for warmth
Women and men had different jobs but were seen as equals
Lived in caves, dugouts, or trees
Hunter/Gatherers-- nomadic
***START HERE: DURING THE PALEOLITHIC AGE, PEOPLE LIVED AS NOMADS (people who wandered from place to place rather than making permanent settlements. Were highly mobile and always searching for new sources of food). THEY COULD ALSO BE CONSIDERED HUNTER/GATHERERS if they (were nomadic groups whose food depended on hunting animals and collecting plant foods). Paleolithic age characterized by hunting and gathering. Traditional roles – men hunted, women gathered.
RELIGION IS KNOWN IN SOME AREAS, SUSPECTED IN OTHERS - Stone statues are believed to have had religious meaning. Statues of pregnant women suggest that early people worshiped earth-mother goddesses. Animism is the belief that the world is full of spirits and forces that might reside in animals, objects, or dreams. Cave paintings may have been part of animist religious rituals. Early people began burying their dead with care, suggesting a belief in life after death. They provided the dead with tools and weapons for the afterlife.
Bola - hunting devices composed of three strands of rope weighted on the end. It is held by one weight and swung around and then released, wrapping itself around the legs, neck or wings of the selected target to bring it down
SHOW OVERHEAD OF SPREAD OF HUMAN POPULATION
SHOW OVER HEAD of Old Stone Age Societies: Tools and Technology – notice the progression from crude to more designed and changing to meet the needs
OVERHEAD OF CAVE DRAWINGS IN FRANCE: French Cave sculpture circa 13,000 BC. Most of the best known cave sculptures and paintings of the Stone Age are in France and Spain – however, we have only known about them for about years now. This particular piece was discovered by two boys in 1912.
* Design is a 15,000 year old bison – fashioned out of clay they are the subject of what most cave art is -
animals – Horses, bison, and oxen comprise about 60% of such images – birds and fish are rarely seen, and
there are few human images.
*Cave paintings used the same basic colors: red, black, yellow – the colors were obtained from mixtures of charcoal, clay, minerals, and animal blood.
*Cave artists often chose natural protrusions on the cave wall on which to paint animals, giving them a 3D appearance
*TURN TO PAGE 13 IN YOUR BOOK: What do you think were the purposes of these drawings, paintings, and sculps? How do their motives compare to those that drive artists who paint city wall murals?

8. ICE AGE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L02XRHbqSE4
2. What are some challenges the early humans would have had to face during the Ice Age (Paleolithic Age)?
Nomadic Life issues = Shelter, Food, Drinking Water, Warmth/ Clothing, Protection from Predators, etc…

9. Neolithic Age – 8000BC to 3000BC
Definition – New Stone Age (farming & irrigation allow for the development of communities- which allows them to settle in one place)
The BC time period is similar to negative numbers – the closer you get to zero the small the number becomes

10. Archeologists, Anthropologist Historian, Geographers
20 minutes
STOP
Get into groups of four and research what methods are used to analyze evidence by the following
Archeologists, Anthropologist Historian, Geographers

11. Anthropologists and Archaeologists
Anthropology is the study of the origins and development of people and their societies.
Archaeology is a specialized branch of anthropology.
Archaeologists (artifacts, fossils, excavations, etc.)
Anthropologists (fieldwork, analysis of written records, DNA, etc.)

12. Historians and Geographer
Historians rely primarily on written evidence to determine how people lived in the past.
Today, historians study such evidence as photographs and film, as well as written documents such as letters and tax records.
Geographer studies the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth including physical characteristics, the surface features, and the effects of human activity
However, recorded history began about 5,000 years ago, when people began to keep written records
But, before we get into history, we need to look at prehistory.
Historians (primary sources, secondary sources, oral history, etc.)
Geographers (GIS, satellite images, different types of maps, etc.)

13. Interesting Fact:
Neolithic people in many parts of the world independently developed agriculture.

14. Neolithic Revolution (New Stone Age) 8000 BC
Climate change (temperature rise)
Development of Agriculture
Domestication of animals/ herding (as seen on pg. 13)
Irrigation
Metal work
3. Because of the changes above, what impact would this have on their day to day life. List some ideas

15. Changes in society/villages do to the Neolithic Revolution- 8000 BC
Food surplus
Population growth
Advancement in cities/ communities
Trade
Specialized works
Complex institutions-examples governments
4. Explain how transitioning to agriculture and living in villages increased the need to develop a form of government? .

16. Scenario
You’re the chief of your village and due the discovered agriculture your village which includes 30 people have an abundance of food.
In your group you need to decide what you are going to decide the best decision to make concerning the recent harvest
5 minutes to discuss and come up with at least 2 -4 different plans

17. Scenario continued
Challenges: Predict at least 3 challenges you might face due to the abundance of food and come up with a solution. Create: List 5 new jobs that might need to be created due to the newly harvested food supply. Question: Whose responsibly will it be to create and manage the newly created “specialized” jobs?

18. When natural disasters occur, casualty rates will be high POSITIVES
5. List and discuss 3 positive and 3 negative consequences that result in living in communities.
NEGATIVES
Crime
Spread of disease
Attacks
When natural disasters occur, casualty rates will be high
POSITIVES
Increase in food
Art
Religion
Social classes based on money
Government/ Laws
Positives with more people living in the same area there would be less need for everyone to be farming as a result new jobs/ skills would develop
Negative as more and more people live together, jealousy for things (wealth) arise, more free time, and when the disasters happen the number of casualties increase
With your group:
Come up this a definition of a village and a civilization.
Which came first a civilization of a village?
What might be needed in a civilization verses a village?

19. Discuss what issues created the need for law in early civilization.
Neolithic Technology
Creating laws
Developed pottery, brushes, paints
Learned weaving
Built houses & furniture
Invented the wheel, & plow (in some areas)
New tools: awls, wedges, saws, drills, chisels, needles, etc.
Developed a calendar
SHOW THE DEVELOPMENTS OF AG. OVERHEAD
SHOW THE PATTERNS OF LIVING OVERHEAD: PALEO TO NEO
STOP HERE FOR SETTLERS Vs. NOMADS ACTIVITY
Discuss what issues created the need for law in early civilization.

20. Rise of cities 3000 BC
6. List some specific characteristics of advanced civilizations/cities in Neolithic times
Advanced cities- aqueduct, wells, roads, buildings
Specialized workers- artist, clothes makers, farming, ranching, carpenter, soldier, merchant, teacher
Complex institutions – government- rules, religion- priest, economics-trade, bartering, education
Record keeping
Advanced technology – pottery, metalwork, plow, sailboat, wheel, beginning of Bronze Age in Sumer in 3000 BC

21. Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, &China
So, where would man choose to settle once he no longer needed to hunt and gather?
RIVER VALLEYS
Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, &China
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22. Causation: Neolithic Revolution
Cause
Effects
Cause
Effects
Cause
Effects
Most Important and Why?
Least Important and Why?