1. Blood: Structure and function

2. After Exam 11-14 Use Red Book to define following terms: Blood Plasma
Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Thrombocyte

3. Standard
Standard 18, Outline the in-depth normal structure and function of blood and related components. Summarize appropriate medical texts in order to list signs and symptoms of common blood diseases and disorders associated with each. Define the following common laboratory procedure, both normal and abnormal, and provide the reasoning for why the test should be obtained:
complete blood count
Complete metabolic panel
Fasting lipid panel
Hgb A1C

4. At the conclusion of class today I CAN:
Compare and contrast the various blood components by being engaged in lecture and participating in class discussion
Describe the components of blood by creating a model of blood components

5. Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell.

6. What makes up our blood?
RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens.
PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.
PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

7. Blood Video

8. Bell Work 11-15 What component of blood contains hemoglobin?
What component of blood is part of the immune system and destroys infectious agents called pathogens.
What is the yellowish liquid portion of blood?
What are clotting factors in the blood?

9. Hematology and Coagulation
Hematology—is the study of blood in health and disease.
includes problems with the RBCs, WBCs, platelets, blood vessels, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen.
Proteins involved in bleeding and clotting (hemostasis and thrombosis).

10. What is Hemostasis
Hemostasis is the process which stops bleeding after an injury.
Creates a clot.
Opposite of hemorrhage

11. Hemostasis Primary: Platelet plug formed
Secondary: platelet plug is reinforced by fibrin. Coagulation factors convert fibrinogen to fibrin
Process is called the Coagulation Cascade

12. Coagulation Coagulation the process by which a blood clot is formed
involves the interaction of numerous blood components called coagulation factors.
Secondary phase of hemostasis

13. Thrombosis
Thrombosis occurs when blood clots block your blood vessels. There are 2 main types of thrombosis:
Venous thrombosis is when the blood clot blocks a vein. Veins carry blood from the body back into the heart.
Arterial thrombosis is when the blood clot blocks an artery. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body.

14. What causes Thrombosis
Disease or injury to the leg veins
Not being able to move around (immobility) for any reason
A broken bone (fracture)
Certain medicines
Obesity
Inherited disorders
Autoimmune disorders
Medicines that increase your risk of clotting

15. Hematologist
A medical doctor who applies this specialized knowledge to treat patients with blood conditions.

17. Blood Cells Erythrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Make up 45% of total volume of blood
Hematopoiesis: Process of blood formation, occurs in bone marrow

18. Erythrocytes What is the other name for Erythrocytes?
Live about 120 days
Make up 99% of blood cells
Are formed in bone marrow
Carry oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Carry carbon dioxide and waste away from tissues

19. Iron is an essential element for blood production.
About 70 percent of your body's iron is found in the red blood cells of your blood called hemoglobin and in muscle cells called myoglobin.
Hemoglobin is essential for transferring oxygen in your blood from the lungs to the tissues.

20. Think-Pair-Share
What protein is contained in RBCs that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide?
What is another important role of this protein?
What happens when there is not enough of this protein?
What mineral is lacking?
What is the shape of erythrocytes?
Why is the shape important?

21. RBC Protein: Hemoglobin
Iron: About 70 percent of your body's iron is found in the red blood cells
Shape of Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes are biconcave discs with very shallow centers. This shape optimizes the ratio of surface area to volume, facilitating gas exchange. It also enables them to fold up as they move through narrow blood vessels

22. Leukocytes - WBC What is another name for leukocytes?
Five different types
Formed in bone marrow
Help to fight off infection
Phagocytosis: engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris
Classified as: Granulocytes and agranulocytes

23. Granulocyte vs Agranulocyte?
Agranulocytes: one-lobed nucleus. They are characterized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm.
Granulocytes: have granules in their cytoplasm (jelly-like fluid that fills a cell)

24. Neutrophils Granulocyte 40–60% of WBC; most numerous Phagocytosis
Mainly bacteria
Many-lobed nucleus
Increase numbers in bacterial infections

25. Eosinophils Granulocyte 0–4% of WBC Assist inflammatory response
Increase numbers in allergic reactions, skin infections, and parasitic infections
Phagocytosis

26. Basophils Granulocyte 0–1% of WBC; least common
Assist in inflammatory response by releasing substances such as histamine and heparin
Phagocytosis

27. Lymphocytes Agranulocyte 20–40% of WBC Produce antibodies
Increase numbers in viral infections
B cells: Produce antibiodies
T cells: aid the immune system
What organ produces these?

28. Monocytes Agranulocyte 3–8% of WBC Phagocytosis Largest in size
Effective against chronic infection
Leaves bloodstream and travels to tissues

29. Apply what you have learned…
Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with bacterial meningitis?
Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with the flu?
Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with hay fever?

30. Platelets Small, irregular-shaped cell fragments Life span 5–12 days
Necessary for blood-clotting process

31. Plasma Yellowish liquid portion of blood
92% water, constitutes 55 percent of blood volume.
Supplies critical proteins for blood clotting (fibrinogen) and immunity

33. Make Blood Water with yellow food coloring (plasma) Cheerios (RBC)
Marshmallows (WBC)
Platelets (stars)
Clotting Factors (sprinkles)

34. Day 2

35. Bell Work 11-16 What is a type of WBC that produces antibodies?
What type of WBC leaves bloodstream and travels to tissues
Which type of WBC would be high due to a bacterial infection?
What is the process which stops bleeding after an injury?
What occurs when a blood clot blocks your blood vessels?

36. Bell Work Answers Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils Hemostasis
Thrombosis

37. Objectives Identify common laboratory procedures related to blood
Identify diseases and disorders related to blood

38. Blood
Transports nutrients, gases, medications, wastes, and other substances throughout the body
Average adult has 5–6 liters of blood
Females have less blood than males
Blood samples classified 3 ways:
Whole blood
Plasma
Serum

39. Whole Blood Mixture of blood cells and plasma
When obtaining a sample there must be an anticoagulant present to prevent the blood from clotting

40. Plasma Liquid portion of blood Clear, straw-yellow
90% water, 10% solutes
55% total body volume
Not allowed to clot

41. Serum Clear, yellow fluid Blood has been allowed to clot
Substances include nutrients, hormones, and antibodies

42. Centrifuge
Centrifugation is a technique used for the separation of particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.
The particles are suspended in a liquid medium and placed in a centrifuge tube.

43. Giving Blood Take 10 minutes to do an Internet Search
What is whole blood donation? 
What is whole blood used for?
How long does donating take? 
What are the requirements for donating WB?
How often can I donate? 

44. Hematology and Blood Chemistry Tests (Way more on this next week)
Complete Blood count: numerous blood counts, calculations, and microscopic evaluations of blood cells.
Complete Metabolic Panel: measures your sugar (glucose) level, electrolyte and fluid balance, kidney function, and liver function
Fasting Lipid Panel: measures the cholesterol in your blood in the absence of food
Hgb A1C: provides an average of your blood sugar control over the past 2 to 3 months

45. Research – Create a Chart
CBC, CMP, Hgb A1C, Fasting Lipid Panel
Why is the test done?
What is it measuring?
What are the normal ranges?

46. Day 3

47. Anemia
Decrease in the number of RBC or hemoglobin in the circulating blood.
Many types
Can you recall any types from Health Science?
Can you list any symptoms that might be seen in someone with anemia?

48. Leukemia
Marked increase in the number of abnormal or immature WBC in the bone marrow and circulating blood
Classified by the type of WBC affected
More to come later in the semester!

49. Leukocytosis Abnormal increase in WBC
Most likely caused by a bacterial infection or dehydration

50. Leukopenia Abnormal decrease in the number of WBC
Causes: medications, failure of bone marrow, chemotherapy

51. Thrombocytopenia
Abnormal decrease in the number of circulating platelets
Sx: Bruising, frequent nosebleeds
Causes: failure of bone marrow, or increased platelet destruction by various factors

52. Diseases Associated With Coagulation Disorders
Disseminated intravasular coagulation (DIC)—coagulation abnormalities that are systematic instead of local
Causes: cancer, septicemia, blood transfusion reactions, complications of pregnancy
Sx: blood clots, severe bleeding, death

53. Diseases Associated With Coagulation Disorders
Thrombophilic disorder is an inherited disorder, person is at risk for developing blood clots
Sx: strokes, heart attacks, DVT

54. Diseases Associated With Coagulation Disorders
Hemophilia—hereditary disorder characterized by abnormal clotting
Sx: excessive bleeding
Tx: clotting factor transfusion

55. Summary Three forms of blood for samples Components of blood
Types of WBCs
Blood tests
Blood disorders
Clotting disorders
CIRCLE-TRIANGLE-SQUARE