1. The building blocks of all living things.
Cells
The building blocks of all living things.

2. What are we going to learn?
Cells are the small but complex building blocks of all living things.
Cells carry out all the activities that keep a living thing alive.
Cells take in nutrients, water, and air.
Cells get rid of wastes, use energy, grow, and reproduce themselves.
Cells join together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems.
What happens when cells stop functioning normally?

3. Do you know why cells are called “cells”?
The first person to observe cells was an English scientist named Robert Hooke. He created the first compound microscope.
In 1665, Hooke looked at a piece of cork using a microscope and drew a comparison between what he saw and something he was already familiar with.
He thought that the sections making up the cork looked like the rooms that monks lived in, which are called “cells”.
Hooke decided to call the cork sections “cells”, too.
About the same time, Anton Van Leeuwenhook started to observe tiny objects from pond water in a simple microscope that he made. He called them his animalcules or little “wee beasties”. What were they?
Kingdom Protista- amoebas, euglenas, paramecium

4. CELL THEORY
Three German Scientists made especially important contributions about our knowledge of cells which resulted in the cell theory. They were Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.
Cell Theory states:
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
All cells are produced from other cells.

7. Eukaryotic Cell

8. Organelles Small structures inside the cell membrane.
Each organelle has a particular job to do to keep the cell working properly.
The organelles are found in the cytoplasm that fills the cell.

9. CELLS ALIVE

10. Cell Membrane
Boundary between the inside of the cell and its surroundings.
The cell membrane controls the movement of nutrients, water, salts, and other substances into the cell and movement of waste out of the cell.
The membrane keeps out harmful bacteria, viruses, and other things that could damage the cell.

11. Cytoplasm
This is a gel-like substance that fills the cell and surround the organelles.
It would be in comparison to our environment (air, land, water)

12. What do all living things need to stay alive?
All living things need nutrients, water, and air.
All living things need a suitable place to live.

13. What are the characteristics of all living things? Remember ROGERS
Respond to their environment, inside and out.
Organized to carry out life functions.
Grow and develop.
Energy.
Reproduce.
Similar Chemicals

14. What do you think a single cell needs to do in order to stay alive?
Read “The Cell as a City”

15. Mitochondria Provide energy for the cell by breaking down sugar.
Known as the power house of the cell
In a city this would be compared to power plants
Mitochondria burn fuel to provide our cells with energy. A chemical reaction called cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
Humans cannot live without mitochondria!
Why?

16. Where would you expect to find more mitochondria-in very active cells such as those in your heart and liver, or in less active cells such as those in your earlobes? Explain your answer.

17. Take in and use Energy Cellular respiration
Mitochondria burn fuel to provide our cells with energy. A chemical reaction called cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
C6H12O O CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy
dioxide

18. Plant Cell’s Power House
Plant cells like animal cells have mitochondria, but they also have another kind of energy-converting organelle called
a chloroplast..
The process that plants use chloroplast is called photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll is the
chemical in the
chloroplasts that
captures sunlight.

19. Take in and use Energy Photosynthesis
The process that plants use chloroplast is called photosynthesis.
6CO H2O +light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon + water + light energy glucose + oxygen
dioxide

20. Plant Cells Some Bacteria Some Protist Glucose Oxygen Sunlight
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Some Bacteria
Some Protist
Fungi Cells
Plant Cells
Some Bacteria
Some Protist
Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Sunlight
Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Energy
Chloroplast
Mitochondria

21. Nucleus 1. Stores cell hereditary materials, DNA
2. Coordinates the cells activities (Metabolism, growing, protein synthesis, cell division (reproduction))
3. Brain of the cell
Chromosomes/chromatin: codes for the DNA
Nucleolus: Membrane-less organelle, that manufactures ribosomes.

22. Endoplasmic reticulum
Carries materials around in the cell.
Name some things in a city that would be like the endoplasmic reticulum.
Sometimes known as smooth endoplasmic reticulum or rough endoplasmic reticulum if ribosomes are attached.

23. Ribosomes Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis
 They can be free in the cytoplasm or
attached to the surface of ER
They would be like factories producing needed products.
Protein helps with growth and repair of a body.

24. Golgi Bodies 1. Final sorting and packaging of proteins and
Lipids (fats)
2.  How does it do that: Membrane breaks
away as vesicles.
3. It is like a packaging and shipping center. (The UPS men)
What does it look like? stacks of membrane-covered sacs that package and move proteins to the outside of the cell. Golgi bodies are the packaging and secreting organelles of the cell.
Note: Golgi Bodies are sometimes referred to as Golgi Apparatus.

25. Lysosomes Lysosomes are a special type of vesicle
that contain digestive
enzymes.
They are round structures surrounded by membranes. Lysosomes recycle materials by breaking down worn-out parts of a cell into smaller units. They deliver these materials to the cytoplasm for use in constructing new proteins. If the membrane of a lysosome breaks, the enzymes released may also destroy the cell itself, giving lysosomes the name "suicide bag".
Lysosomes would be like recycling waste processing plants. Found in all animal cells but found only in some plant cells.

26. Vacuole
Stores enzymes, food, water and waste until needed or until its time to leave the cell.
Larger in a plant cell than an animal cell.
Why is
this?
vacuole

27. CELL WALL
Prokaryotic cells (bacteria )and plant cells both have a rigid cell wall made up of polysaccharides. The cell wall provides and maintains the shape of these cells and serves as a protective barrier.
Can be also found in fungi cells.

28. About Cell Membranes (continued)
4. Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it
Selectively permeable: Allows some molecules in and keeps other molecules out
The structure helps it be selective!
Pores

29. CELL SHAPE RELATED TO FUNCTION
Role of different shapes of animal cells: The difference in shape of all these cells are significant for their identification.
Shape of neuron helps it to transport signals.
Shape of the muscle fibres
help in muscle contraction.
Dendrite
Myelin sheath
nucleus

30. Homeostasis
All the components of the living things, from the cells and the organelles within them to the organ systems of complex organisms must interact to maintain a balanced internal environment within the organism.   Organisms possess many control mechanisms to detect internal and external changes and make changes to correct any deviations.   
This maintenance of a stable internal environment by an organism is called homeostasis.  
Homeostasis in an organism is constantly threatened.  Failure to respond effectively can result in disease or death.  30

31. When Cells Get Together
Levels of Organization - The simplest level of organization is that of the cell.  
-A group of cells with a similar function is called a tissue.  
-Groups of tissues working together to perform a common function are called organs.  Examples: nervous, muscle, and other tissues which make up the heart.  
-Groups of organs working together to perform a common function are referred to as a system or organ system.   The blood vessels, blood, and the heart are organs which work together to form the circulatory system.  
- Many different systems function together to allow a complex organism to function.

32. Organisms Brain /organ Organ Systems Nervous system Cells Nerve cells
Tissues
Nerve tissue
Brain /organ
Organ Systems
Nervous system
Organisms

33. Kidney tissue /organs/
TISSUES VS ORGANS
Kidney tissue /organs/
organ system
Stomach tissue
/ organ/
Organ
system

34. PLANT CELLS TO ORGANISM
ORGANS IN PLANTS ARE:
LEAVES, STEMS, ROOTS

35. Cell Processes

36. Types of Cellular Transport
Animations of Active Transport & Passive Transport
Types of Cellular Transport
high
low
Weeee!!!
Passive Transport
cell doesn’t use energy
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
cell does use energy
Protein Pumps
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
high
low
This is gonna be hard work!!

37. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
The movement of substances through the cell membrane without the input of energy.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

38. Cells at Work movement of molecules
Energy for Life
Diffusion- the
movement of molecules
from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

39. Why do cells take in nutrients?
Nutrients are used for energy the cell needs to perform all life functions

40. Passive Transport: 1. Diffusion
Simple Diffusion Animation
Passive Transport: 1. Diffusion
Diffusion: random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(High to Low)
Diffusion continues until all molecules are evenly spaced (equilibrium is reached)-Note: molecules will still move around but stay spread out.

41. Passive Transport: 2. Osmosis
Osmosis animation
2.Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Water moves from high to low concentrations
NaCl= salt
H2O= water
Water moves freely through pores.
Solute (green) to large to move across.
H2O H2O
H2O
H20
Which way would pure
Water move? What
would happen to
the cell?
H2O
NaCl

42. Osmosis
What would happen to a cell placed in pure water?
Water would go into the cell and the cell would expand. There would be more pure water out of the cell than in.
Pure
H2O

43. Passive Transport: 3. Facilitated Diffusion
Glucose
molecules
Cellular Transport From a-
High
High Concentration
Channel Proteins animations
Cell Membrane
Low Concentration
Protein
channel
Low
Transport Protein
Through a 
Go to Section:

44. Facilitated diffusion (Channel Protein) Diffusion (Lipid Bilayer)
Passive Transport: 2. Facilitated Diffusion A B
2. diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in the membrane
Transport Proteins are specific – they “select” only certain molecules to cross the membrane
Transports larger or charged molecules
Facilitated diffusion (Channel Protein)
Diffusion (Lipid Bilayer)
Carrier Protein

45. ACTIVE TRANSPORT http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/pumpanim.html
energy –requiring process in which transport proteins bind with particles and move them through a cell membrane.

46. Types of Active Transport
Sodium Potassium Pumps (Active Transport using proteins)
1. Protein Pumps -transport proteins that require energy to do work
Example: Sodium / Potassium Pumps are important in nerve responses.
Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy!

47. EQUILIBRIUM
OCCURS WHEN MOLECULES FROM ONE SUBSTANCE SPREADS EVENLY THROUGHOUT ANOTHER SUBSTANCE.

48. Endocytosis-the process of taking substances into the cell
Endocytosis-the process of taking substances into the cell. Endo means into.
Exocytosis –releasing substances out of the cell.
Exo means to exit.

49. Types of Active Transport
2. Endocytosis: taking bulky material into a cell
Uses energy
Cell membrane in-folds around food particle
“cell eating”
forms food vacuole & digests food
This is how white blood cells eat bacteria!

50. Types of Active Transport
3. Exocytosis: Forces material out of cell in bulk
membrane surrounding the material fuses with cell membrane
Cell changes shape – requires energy
EX: Hormones or wastes released from cell
Endocytosis & Exocytosis animations

51. 3 ways to make energy
1. Cellular respiration Mitochondria burn fuel to provide our cells with energy. A chemical reaction called cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide 2. Photosynthesis The process where plants make food in the form of sugar in the chloroplast. 6CO2 + 6H2O +light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon + water + light energy glucose + oxygen

52. 3. FERMENTATION
SINGLE CELL ORGANISM THAT ARE ANAEROBIC (WITHOUT OXYGEN) AND IN OUR MUSCLES
PROVIDES ENERGY FOR CELLS WITHOUT USING OXYGEN.
ENERGY RELEASED BY THIS METHOD IS MUCH LOWER THAN DURING CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
BY PRODUCTS: ARE ALCOHOL AND LATIC ACID (BREAD).

53. Cell Division Mitosis occurs in Body cells, like skin, Nerves, heart.
Mitosis – the process in which the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei

54. Meiosis
The process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes, sex cells like sperm and eggs, in animals and spores in plants.
Found in egg and sperm cells

56. http://daphne. palomar. edu/ccarpenter/Lectures/levels~1

57. Homeostasis
All the components of the living things, from the cells and the organelles within them to the organ systems of complex organisms must interact to maintain a balanced/stable internal environment within the organism.  
Organisms possess many control mechanisms to detect internal and external changes and make changes to correct any deviations.  
Homeostasis in an organism is constantly threatened.  Failure to respond effectively can result in disease or death.