1. Populations and Cycles

2. Population-all of the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time.
Demography-the statistical study of populations. It is used to predict how the size of a population will change.

3. copyright cmassengale
SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Explain how populations are affected by limiting factors (including density-dependent, density-independent, abiotic, and biotic factors).
copyright cmassengale

4. KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS
1. Population size
– is the number of individuals in a population.
– has an important effect on the ability of the population to survive.
Carrying Capacity – number of organisms an ecosystem can support
(don’t copy) A small population is more likely to become extinct:
-in the case of random events or natural disaster
-due to inbreeding where the population is more genetically alike. Recessive traits are more likely to appear.
-with reduced variability it is harder to adapt to changes.

5. copyright cmassengale
2. Population density
– the number of individuals in a given area.
– if they are too far apart they may only rarely encounter one another resulting in little reproduction.
copyright cmassengale

6. Carrying capacity – The number of organisms that an environment can support.
This can change if the environment changes.

7. copyright cmassengale
Exponential growth
Logistic Growth
copyright cmassengale

8. copyright cmassengale
Carrying capacity changed over time due to a change in the environment.
Normal carrying capacity
copyright cmassengale

9. KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS, con’t Population size is limited by:
density-dependent factors
Biotic factors
Disease
Competition
Predators
Parasites
Food
Crowding
The greater the population, the greater effect these factors have.
Ex. Black plague in the Middle Ages – more deaths in cities
density-independent factors
abiotic factors
Volcanic eruptions
Temperature
Storms
Floods
Drought
Chemical pesticides
Major habitat disruption (as in the New Orleans flooding)
Most are abiotic factors

10. SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water).

11. Cycles of Matter 1. The Carbon Cycle 2. The Nitrogen Cycle
A. Recycling in the Biosphere
B. The Water Cycle
C. Nutrient Cycles
1. The Carbon Cycle
2. The Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle

12. ENERGY & MATTER *Energy is not the only thing
ENERGY & MATTER
*Energy is not the only thing
that moves through the ecosystem.
Atoms are never destroyed only transformed.
Take a deep breath.
The atoms you just inhaled may have been inhaled by a dinosaur millions of years ago.

13. 4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body in most organisms
OXYGEN
CARBON
HYDROGEN
NITROGEN
The same molecules are passed around
again and again within the biosphere in
___________________________
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

14. WATER CYCLE = ___________________
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

15. WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? Makes up 60-70% of your body
Oxygen and Hydrogen are found in all the
_____building blocks____________: carbohydrates, proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids
Hydrogen in H2O supplies protons (H+) & electrons
for_____________
photosynthesis

16. WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT?
SOLVENT
Water is a good ____________ Many molecules dissolve in water so it provides a place for chemical reactions to happen
Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with
__________________
HOMEOSTASIS

17. WATER CYCLE condensation evaporation

18. The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves
The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves
= ________________
TRANSPIRATION
The return of water to the surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc.
= ____________________
PRECIPITATION

19. Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start
Image edited from:
WATER CYCLE
PH ONLINE LINK
Put in code: cbp Choose Start

20. Terms for water cycle Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration
Condensation
Runoff

21. CARBON CYCLE CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in ocean
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

22. SCI.9-12.B [Indicator] - Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water).

23. 4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE
In ____________ as CO2 gas
In _______ as dissolved CO2 gas
On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil
__________ as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks
atmosphere
ocean
land
Underground
CO2 in
atmosphere
CO2 in
Ocean
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

24. Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from?
1. Volcanic activity
2. Human activity (burning fossil fuels)
CO2 in
Ocean
Cellular respiration
3. _________________ plants and animals release CO2 through respiration and decomposition
4.____________ of dead organisms
Decomposition
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

25. Terms for Carbon cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Combustion
Decomposition

26. WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?
BUILDING BLOCKS
Found in all the _______________ of cells: carbohydrates, proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids
Image by Riedell

27. WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?
Carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for
__________ production during __________________...
the fuel that all living things depend on.
GLUCOSE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

28.
Crash course carbon cycle

29. NITROGEN CYCLE NH3 NO3- and NO2- N2 in Atmosphere Section 3-3
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

30. WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT?
NITROGEN BASES make DNA and RNA
Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ATP
Makes AMINO part of amino acids (proteins)
Image by Riedell
Image by Riedell

31. 79% of the atmosphere is made up of NITROGEN gas (N2)
BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas
we breathe!
The bond in N2 gas is so
strong it can only be broken by
_______________
____________________
CAN’T
lightning
Volcanic activity
few special bacteria
Image by Riedell
Image by Riedell

32. Bacteria that live ______________ and in _________ relationships with
plants called _________, take
nitrogen from the atmosphere and
turn it into ______________, a form
that is usable by plants.
THIS PROCESS
IS CALLED _________________
in the soil
symbiotic
legumes
AMMONIA (NH3)
NITROGEN FIXATION

33. Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into ________________
& _________________
which plants can also use.
The nitrogen we need for proteins,
ATP, and nucleic acids comes from
the ___________
___________
we breathe!
NITRATES (NO3- )
& NITRITES (NO2-)
FOOD WE EAT
NOT THE AIR
Image from: and
modified by Riedell

34. NITROGEN CYCLE NH3 NO3- and NO2- N2 in Atmosphere Section 3-3
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

35.
Crash Course – Nitrogen and Phosphorous cycle

36. Bacteria that live ______________ also carry out the reverse process
___________ → _____________.
THIS PROCESS
IS CALLED _________________
in the soil
NITRATES
& NITRITES
NITROGEN GAS
DENITRIFICATION

37. N2  NH3  NO2  NO3  N2
Nitrogen ammonia nitrite nitrate
ammonification nitrification denitrification
All of these processes are done by bacteria.

38. Terms for Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonification
Nitrification
Denitrification
Nitrogen Fixation by bacteria

39. Human Impact on Ecosystem