1. Pharmacobotany 2
Lecture 13

2. Subclassis: ZINGIBERIDAE
perennial herbs or trees with a simple trunk
flowers: colorful perianth
perigonium in 2 whorls: calyx- and corolla-like
zygomorphy, asymmetry
highly adapted to insect pollination

3. Ordo: Zingiberales herbs with rhizomes, or
woody plants with secondary thickening
wet, marshy forests of tropical areas
leaf base with sheath  “false axis”
pollination: birds, mice
rhizome: excentric starch

4. Familia: Zingiberaceae Ginger family
tropical perennial herbs
gene centre: South-East-Asia
fleshy rhizome or tuberous root
zygomorphic, 3-merous flowers
cells secreting essential oil and resin

5. Zingiber officinale ginger

6. gingerol (phenylpropane)
Zingiberis rhizoma:
helps digestion
anti-inflammatory
gingerol (phenylpropane)
Zingiber officinale rhizome

7. Curcuma longa – turmeric

8. Curcuma longa - turmeric
“curry”component, cholagogue

9. Elettaria cardamomum cardamom
carminative

10. Ordo: Bromeliales America – tropical areas
epiphytes, terrestrial species
Leaves:
tightly overlapping leaf bases – water storage
water absorbance – scale-like surface layer
bird-pollination is frequent

11. Familia: Bromeliaceae Bromeliad family

14. Ananas comosus pine-apple

15. bromelain – proteolytic enzyme

16. Subclassis: COMMELINIDAE
arid habitats (steppe, savanna)
herbaceous or woody plants
Leaves: spirally arranged, surrounded by sheath
Inflorescence: inflorescence composed of spikes
Fruit: capsule or caryopsis
Seed: endosperm rich in starch

17. Familia: Poaceae / Gramineae
Ordo: Poales
Familia: Poaceae / Gramineae
Grass family

18. Poaceae – Grass family
Root system: fibrous (homorrhizous), often creeping rhizomes
Stem: cylindrical, hollow – ”grass stem”
Leaves: spirally, leaf base: open sheath
thin outgrowths at the junction of leaf and leaf stalk:
ligule, auricule
epidermis: long cells, short (silica) cells,
stoma guard cells: dumb-bell shaped;
subsidiary cells: trapezoid or triangular (paracytic)
Inflorescence: terminal spike or panicle
base unit: spikelet
Fruit: caryopsis

19. Spikelet structure Spike: spikelets Bromus sp.: stigma ovary anther
lodicules
Spike: spikelets
palea
lemma
palea
Bromus sp.:
glume
lemma
glume
spikelet axis
spike axis

20. Subfamilia: Bambusoideae
Oryza sativa
rice

21. Subfamilia: Arundinoideae
Phragmites australis
common reed

22. Subf.: Andropogonoideae
Saccharum officinarum - sugarcane

23. Subf.: Andropogonoideae
Maydis stigma:
diuretic, antidiabetic
Zea mays - corn

24. Subfamilia: Pooideae Triticum aestivum - wheat wheat germ oil
wheat starch

25. Secale cereale rye host plant of Claviceps purpurea
pollen: against prostatitis

26. Avena sativa – common oat
Avenae herba: diuretic

27. Hordeum vulgare common barley
„beer barley”
„cereal barley”

28. Agropyron (Elymus) repens – quackgrass, couch grass
Rhizome: diuretic, externally: antiseptic

29. Cymbopogon citratus lemon grass → Cymbopogon aetheroleum
Cymbopogon nardus (citronella grass) → Citronellae aetheroleum

30. Subclassis: ARECIDAE woody stem
Leaves: large, compound, evergreen, arranged at the top of an unbranched stem
Inflorescence:
panicle
spadix + spathe

31. Ordo: Arecales Familia: Arecaceae (Palmaceae) Palm family
South-America, SE-Asia
silica incrustation
calcium-oxalate raphides
polyphenols
starch
oil

32. Phoenix dactylifera date palm

33. Areca catechu – areca nut palm
arecoline (alkaloid): anthelminthic
Arecae semen: stimulant

34. Cocos nucifera coconut palm

35. Cocos nucifera Coconut: Mesocarp – fibres Seed endosperm: copra - oil
milk - formulas, sweets

36. Serenoa repens = Sabal serrulata saw palmetto
benign prostate hyperplasy 