1. Psychology: An Introduction
Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition
Slides by Kimberly Foreman
2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

2. Basic Principles of Learning
Chapter six:
Basic Principles of Learning
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3. Definition of Learning
any relatively permanent change in
behavior brought about through
experience
- change is not always immediately obvious
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4. Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/ neurophysiologist
Studied digestive secretion
Accidentally discovered Classical Conditioning

5. Think about a song or scent that brings
back certain memories or feelings
Stimulus - some action that produces activity in an organism (song)
Response - reaction of an organism to a stimulus (feeling)
How many of you have heard a song that brought back an unpleasant or pleasant memory or feeling? Maybe of an old flame you wished you didn’t remember. Or smelled a perfume cologne or food item that brought back certain feelings or memories? Maybe the smells from walking past a bakery might remind you of your mother and make you salivate because it reminds you of her delicious desserts she used to make. I am not ashamed to admit that Justin biebers song sorry reminds me of happy memories. If any of you have experienced this it is safe to say guys have been victims of Classical Conditioning.

6. Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Russian Physician/ Neurophysiologist
Studied digestive secretion
Accidentally discovered Classical Conditioning
Pavlov was a famous Russian physician known for his work on classical conditioning. While measuring saliva in dogs, he accidentally discovered classical conditioning.

7. Classical Conditioning Cont.
Form of learning where one stimulus (thought of food) creates a response (mouth watering) in response to another stimulus (actual food)
This occurs when the two stimuli have been associated with each other
So for example if you are thinking about your favorite food and your mouth waters, you have been conditioned. In n out ex

8. Classical Conditioning Cont.
Pavlov found that dogs would salivate when meat was placed on their tongue because it aids in digestion, however, he realized dogs began to salivate before they were given the meat. Why??? Because the dogs had learned from experience that people entering the labs clinking of food trays meant that food was coming
Could they learn to salivate to any stimulus that signaled meat???Pavlov thought yes, so he had to prove it…
Rang a bell, then put meat powder on dog’s tongue.Dog began to salivate in response to meat powder Pavlov repeated this several times
Pavlov gets tricky He rings the bell but does not follow it with meat
Dogs salivated anyway. They learned to salivate to the bell alone

9. Classical Conditioning Cont.
Breaking down the variables
US = Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned
E.g., Food
Stimulus which causes an automatic unlearned response
The food

10. Classical Conditioning Cont.
Breaking down the variables
UR = Unconditioned Response
Automatic response
E.g., Salivation
Stimulus which causes an automatic unlearned response
The food

11. Classical Conditioning Cont.
Breaking down the variables
CS = Conditioned Stimulus
Starts as a Neutral Stimulus (NS) before pairing
E.g., Pairing bell and food together
Stimulus which causes an automatic unlearned response
The food

12. Classical Conditioning Cont.
Breaking down the variables
CR = Conditioned Response
Learned stimulus
E.g., Bell
Stimulus which causes an automatic unlearned response
The food

13. Classical Conditioning Cont.R

14. Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus which causes an automatic unlearned response
The food
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Unlearned behavior of an organism which occurs naturally as a result of stimulation
Salivation when food is in mouth

15. Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Being paired with a stimulus that causes a response this will eventually cause a similar response
Starts as a Neutral Stimulus (NS) before pairing
Tone of a bell/tuning fork
Conditioned Response (CR)
The behavior of an organism when a conditioned stimulus is presented after the CS has been paired with a UCS
Salivation

16. Classical Conditioning (cont.)
Importance of classical conditioning:
helpful in understanding puzzling aspects of
human behavior:
- Little Albert
- counterconditioning
- plays a role in our physical health
- sexual arousal
- phobias
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17. Classical Conditioning
Generalization
Subject reacts to a class of stimuli similar to the original CS
“Little Albert” experiment
(Watson and Rosalie Rayner)

18. Classical Conditioning
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea) CS
(waiting
room) CR

19. The unconditioned stimulus is the couple and the unconditioned response from viewers is feelings of happiness. When the unconditioned stimulus is paired with the conditioned stimulus (the tequila) the conditioned response to the tequila is happiness. Therefore, the advertisers of Jose Cuervo tequila are hoping that the next time you step into the liquor store and take a peak at their tequila you will have feelings of happiness that are enough to buy some tequila! Classical conditioning is every where!

25. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning: - positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- punishment
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26. Positive Reinforcement
Issues in the use of
positive reinforcement:
- timing:
- delay of reinforcement
consistency in the
delivery of
reinforcement
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27. Positive Reinforcement (cont.)
Issues in the use of positive reinforcement (cont.):
- primary reinforcers
- secondary reinforcers
- schedules of reinforcement:
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
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28. Schedules of Reinforcement
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29. Positive Reinforcement
Shaping:
- method of
successive
approximations
- Skinner box
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30. Negative Reinforcement
- removal or avoidance of a negative event
- escape conditioning
- avoidance conditioning
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31. Punishment Punishment: a negative consequence that leads to
a reduction in the frequency of
the behavior that produced it
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32. Punishment (cont.) Dangers of punishment:
- reinforcing to the punisher
- generalized inhibiting effect
- learning to dislike and act aggressively
toward the punisher
- criticism trap
- does not teach appropriate behavior
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33. Punishment (cont.) Guidelines for the use of punishment:
- do not use physical punishment
- punish the inappropriate behavior immediately
- positively reinforce appropriate behavior to take the place of the inappropriate
behavior
- punish specific behaviors
- do not mix punishment with rewards for the
same behavior
- do not back down
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34. Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
Classical conditioning:
association between
two stimuli
involves reflexive,
involuntary
behaviors
UCS is paired with the
CS independent of
individual’s
behavior
Operant conditioning
association between a
response and the
resulting
consequence
complicated voluntary behaviors
reinforcing
occurs only if the
response being
conditioned has just
been elicited
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35. 1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.
2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year.
3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt.
4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.
5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.

36. 1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. CC
2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year. OP
3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt.
4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.
5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.

37. Theoretical Interpretations of Learning
Cognition or connection?
- place learning:
- cognitive map
- latent learning
insight learning and
learning sets:
- insight
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38. Theoretical Interpretations of Learning (cont.)
Modeling:
- eliciting desired behavior by showing how
it is done
- Albert Bandura:
- modeling:
- Bobo doll
- vicarious reinforcement
- vicarious punishment
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39. Theoretical Interpretations of Learning (cont.)
Biological factors in learning:
- Cook and Mineka:
lab monkeys fearful of snakes after watching
video
- John Garcia:
- learned taste aversion:
- chemotherapy side effect
wildlife preservation:
- sheep and coyotes
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40. Classical Conditioning
Taste Aversion
John Garcia
Can learn association between taste and nausea even hours after eating
Adaptive for survival
Challenged idea that pairing must be immediate
Examples:
Problems for chemotherapy patients
Mr. Koch’s dad & chocolate milk
Binge drinkers and tequila
Nausea-inducing drugs & alcohol