1. Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters

3. Carbonyl Group >CO
oxygen attached to carbon by double covalent bond
strong dipole-dipole forces

4. Aldehydes O general formula: RCH or RCHO
carbonyl group always at end of aldehyde
find name of alkane with same # of C’s
drop the -e (in ane ending) to –al
never need #’s for aldehydes
functional group always on end C 

5. O OH =
HCH H 
HCH H2
aldehydes created by
dehydrogenating an alcohol

6. O HCH methanal  O ethanal H HCCH  common name = formaldehyde
common name = acetaldehyde

7. Acetaldehyde carcinogenic compound
component of cigarette smoke
natural component of many over-ripe fruits
contributes to odors such as:
rosemary, daffodil, bitter orange, camphor, angelica, fennel, mustard, & peppermint

8. CH3CH2CH2CHO
CHO ending indicates aldehyde
4 carbons so base name is butane
drop -e and add al  butanal

9. Properties of Aldehydes- O R
H H R - -  + 
C=O
C=O   + + H H
aldehydes are polar!
↑ bp over alkane with same C’s
H-bonding with H2O which ↑ solubility in water

12. Ketones O = RCR' carbonyl group: >C=O
located on C in middle of chain instead of at end
general format:
R and R‘: represent hydrocarbon chain
- may or may not be the same O =
RCR'

13. Naming Ketones nearly always have number (except 3C’s)
take corresponding alkane name:
drop -e (from ane ending) & add -one
# gives location of functional group: >C=O
(lowest possible #)

14. H O H HCCCH H H propanone O = CH3CH2CH2CCH3 2-pentanone =
common name = acetone O =
CH3CH2CH2CCH3
2-pentanone

15. Aldehydes & Ketones known for appealing tastes & smells
flavorings in food & candy
fragrances in perfumes
examples: vanilla & cinnamon

16. Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones
contain C=O group
polar (soluble in water)
boiling point:
higher than alkanes (same # C’s)
lower than alcohols (same # C’s)

19. Carboxylic Acids O acidic H+1 general formula: RCOH contains: =
carbonyl group AND hydroxyl group
bonded to same C =

20. dissociation of acetic acid
Remember all acids dissociate in water!
- carboxylic acids are electrolytes!
CH3COOH(l) + H2O(l) 
CH3COO-1(aq)+ H+1(aq)

21. Carboxylic Acids =
general format: R-C-OH or
R-COOH O

22. Which of the following is an electrolyte?
alcohol
CH3OH
CH3COOH
CH2O
C3H6O
aldehyde
ketone
correct answer is B (carboxylic acid)

23. Which of the following is a non-electrolyte?
HCl
CH3COOH
NaOH
CH3OH
correct answer is D (alcohol)

24. Naming Carboxylic Acids
never needs number:
functional group always at end
find name corresponding hydrocarbon
drop -e (from ane ending) & add -oic + acid

25. O =
HCOH
1 C  methane
methanoic acid
sting from red ants, bees O H
HCCOH =
ethanoic acid
acetic acid
2 C  ethane

26. CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH
5 C’s  pentane
so the name is pentanoic acid

27. Common carboxylic acids
acetic acid – vinegar
produced in doughs leavened with specific yeast
(ex: sourdough bread)
citric acid
tannic acid
ascorbic acid
lactic acid
produced in overworked muscles & causes pain
poly(lactic acid) – biodegradable polymers used as sutures in internal surgery

28. Properties of Carboxylic Acids
contain -COOH group
H bonded to O therefore hydrogen bonding
bp ↑ over corresponding alkane
form H bonds with water so smaller acids are very soluble in water

31. Esters O = general format: RCOR‘ R and R‘ = hydrocarbon branches
can be same or different
esters contain carbonyl group and an O bridge
both in middle of chain

32. Esters esters are POLAR no H-bonding
due to carbonyl group & O bridge
no H-bonding
no FON
form as product of chemical reaction between organic acid and an alcohol

33. Esters O = RCOR‘ or RCOOR’
reaction between carboxylic acid & alcohol:
carbonyl group & “R” come from carboxylic acid
bridging O & R’ come from alcohol

34. Esters responsible for many distinctive odors pineapple banana orange
wintergreen

35. Naming Esters name hydrocarbon branch bonded to O bridge first
prefix –yl
base name derived from branch containing carbonyl group
count up all C’s in this branch including the C in the carbonyl
hydrocarbon base name
drop the -e (from ane ending) & add -oate

36. name this branch 1st O =
CH3CH2C─O─CH3
carbonyl group
bridge O
methyl propanoate

37. bridge O O = CH3CH2CH2COCH2CH3 name this branch 1st ethyl butanoate
pineapple

38. bridge O O = CH3COCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 name this branch 1st
pentyl ethanoate
banana

39. O = CH3OCCH2CH2CH3 bridge O name this branch 1st methyl butanoate
apple

40. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-O-C-CH3=
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-O-C-CH3
bridge O
name this branch 1st
octyl ethanoate
orange