1. Shaping Argument: 4 Ways
Classical Oration
Induction
Deduction
Toulmin Model
Shape:
the organization or the arrangement
Shape should fit the ideas…don’t force it

2. The Rhetorical Triangle
Exigence:
an issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak.
Ethos
Speaker =
Rhetorical Context
Pathos: Audience
Subject = Logos

3. Classical Oration: 5 part structure
Term
Latin Term
Function
Introduction
Exordium
Introduces the reader to the subject
Gets attention
Establishes Ethos
Narration
Narratio
Provides facts and background info
Est. why the subject is a problem & needs to be addressed
Appeals to pathos (& logos)
Confirmation
Confirmatio
Includes the development and proof
Specific & concrete details
Appeal to Logos

4. Classical Oration: 5 part structure
Term
Latin Term
Function
Refutation
Refutatio
Addresses the counter
Bridge between the proof and the conclusion
Appeal to Logos
Can come as the 2nd para.
Conclusion
Peroratio
Brings the essay to a close
Appeals to pathos
Reminds reader of Ethos
Brings all the ideas together
Answers the question, So what?
Last words…audience will remember

5. “Not by Math Alone” (O’Connor & Romer, 2006)
Read the essay - together
Label the parts (classical oration) –together
3) Answer questions – on own

6. The Rhetorical Triangle
Exigence:
an issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak.
Ethos
Speaker =
Rhetorical Context
Pathos: Audience
Subject = Logos

7. Shaping Argument: 4 Ways
Classical Oration
Induction
Deduction
Toulmin Model
Shape:
the organization or the arrangement
Shape should fit the ideas…don’t force it

8. Shaping Argument: Induction
Term
Latin Term
Function
Induction
Inducere (to lead into)
Arrange an argument so it leads from the particulars to the universals
Uses specific cases to draw a conclusion
Collects evidence and drawing an inference based on the evidence to make a conclusion
Example:
Regular exercise promotes weight loss.
Exercise lowers stress levels.
Exercise improves mood and outlook.
Generalization: Exercise contributes to better health.

9. Shaping Argument: Induction
Term
Latin Term
Function
Induction
Inducere (to lead into)
Arrange an argument so it leads from the particulars to the universals
Uses specific cases to draw a conclusion
Collects evidence and drawing an inference based on the evidence to make a conclusion
Examples When Used:
* Scientific Method
* Essay supported by reasons
* Car buying
One more thing:
Not “true or false” arg., but…
“weak or strong”
Consider exceptions to the rules…vulnerabilities
Cannot lead to certainty, only probability

10. “from Outliers” (Malcolm Gladwell)
Read the essay - together
2) Dissect according to induction

11. Shaping Argument: Deduction
Term
Function
Deduction
(Syllogism: logical structure that uses major and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion)
Reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise)
Apply the principle to specific case (minor premise)
Example:
Major Premise: Exercise contributes to better health.
Minor Premise: Yoga is a type of exercise.
Conclusion: Yoga contributes to better health.

12. Shaping Argument: Deduction
Term
Function
Deduction
(Syllogism: logical structure that uses major and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion)
Reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise)
Apply the principle to specific case (minor premise)
Note:
Strength: if first 2 premises are true = conclusion is logically valid
Weakness: if either premise is false = conclusion can be challenged
Example:
Major Premise: Celebrities are role models for young people.
Minor Premise: Lindsey Lohan is a celebrity
Conclusion: Lindsey Lohan is a role model for young people.

13. “The Declaration of Independence” (Thomas Jefferson)
Example of combo of both
INDUCTION & DEDUCTION
Read the primary source - together
Dissect according to induction & induction
The argument of the entire document can be distilled into this syllogism:
Major Premise:
Minor Premise:
Conclusion:

14. “The Declaration of Independence” (Thomas Jefferson)
Example of combo of both
INDUCTION & DEDUCTION
Read the primary source - together
Dissect according to induction & induction
The argument of the entire document can be distilled into this syllogism:
Major Premise: Citizens have a right to rebel against a despot.
Minor Premise: King George III is a despot.
Conclusion: Citizens have a right to rebel against King George III
How does Jefferson PROOVE the minor premise?

15. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements
Term
Function
Claim
Arguable assertions
Conclusion whose merit we are seeking to establish
Support (evidence)
First hand or second hand “proof”
Warrant (assumption)
Expresses the assumption shared by the speaker and the audience
Links the claim to the evidence
Similar to the minor premise
Backing
Further assurances or data
Without, the assumption lacks authority
Qualifier
“tempers” the claim; makes it less absolute
EX: usually, maybe, probably, most likely…
Reservation
Explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier

16. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements
Evidence
Claim
Assumption
Qualifier
Reservation
Backing
Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

17. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements
Evidence:
(it is raining)
Claim
(I should take my umbrella)
Qualifier
(probably)
Reservation
(unless it has a hole in it)
Assumption
(an umbrella will keep me dry)
Backing
(the material is waterproof)
Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

18. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share
Evidence
Claim
Assumption
Qualifier
Reservation
Backing
Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

19. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share
1) Grades should be abolished because they add stress to the learning experience.
Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support.
Use the format:
Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

20. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share
2) Until you buy me a diamond, I won’t know that you love me!
Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support.
Use the format:
Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

21. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share
3) If we want to decrease gang violence, we should legalize drugs.
Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support.
Use the format:
Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

22. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share
4) You must obey her because she is your mother.
Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support.
Use the format:
Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

23. The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share
5) Wifi should be available to everyone without cost since the Internet has become a vital part of our lives.
Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support.
Use the format:
Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

24. Vocab 4:2 Quiz… Prefix Meaning De Opposite, away, from Dis, Dif, Di
Apart, not
Epi
Upon, on top
Equi
Equal
Ex, E
Out, From, Forth