1. European Explorations
The Age of Early
European Explorations
& Conquests

2. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

3. Admiral Zheng He
Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

4. Zheng He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

5. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

6. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

7. New Weapons Technology

8. Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419

9. Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

10. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

11. Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

12. Columbus’ Four Voyages

13. Other Voyages of Exploration

14. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

15. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

16. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

17. The Death of Montezuma II

18. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

19. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

20. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

21. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

22. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

23. Treasures from the Americas!

24. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

26. Slaves Digging for Gold under Spanish Command (1594)

27. Gold Mine Brazil

28. Silver Mine El Potosi, Bolivia 17th century

29. Portuguese Sugar Plantation 1490

30. Sugar Plantation Jamaica West Indies

31. Rice Plantation, Georgia 1700s

32. Rice Plantation Georgetown, South Carolina 1895

33. Tobacco Plantation 1833

34. Harvesting Tobacco

35. Cotton Plantation

36. Cotton Plantation

37. To resist….

39. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

40. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

42. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

43. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

44. European Empires in the Americas

45. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

46. Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542

47. New Colonial Rivals
Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

48. Triangular Trade Routes

49. New Colonial Rivals

50. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

51. 5. New Patterns of World Trade