1. HIV, History, and Immunity
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2. Hiv HIV – Human Immuno-deficiency Virus Virus that causes AIDS
AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Virus Attacks the Immune system

3. HIV Mechanism HIV Entry
HIV primarily infects cells with CD4 cell-surface receptor molecules, using them to gain entry. Many cell types share common epitopes with this protein, though CD4 lymphocytes play a crucial role. In macrophages and in some other cells without CD4 receptors, such as fibroblasts, an Fc receptor site or complementary site may be used instead for entry of HIV
HIV Entry

4. HIV Mechanism HIV Entry
Secondary immune system response (part of the immune system that attacks viruses) T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) lymphocytes, dendritic cells (Langerhans cells of epithelia and follicular dendritic cells in lymph nodes), hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial cells, microglial cells in brain, and gastrointestinal epithelial cells are the primary targets of HIV infection.
HIV Entry

5. HIV Mechanism

6. 1981 Hiv history Pneumonia Karposis Sarcoma
Main Points
First appearance in 1981 – Pneumonia, Karposis Sarcoma with non functional immune systems
Pneumonia
Karposis Sarcoma
non functional immune systems
Hiv history

7. 1982
1982 – First American AIDS Clinic Made, On April 13, U.S. Representative Henry Waxman convenes the first congressional hearings on HIV/AIDS.  U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that tens of thousands of people may be affected by the disease. On December 10, CDC reports a case of AIDS in an infant who received blood transfusions. The following week, the MMWRreports 22 cases of unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in infants.
First American AIDS clinic -Congressional Hearings start
CDC estimates 10’s of thousands infected
22 cases of Infants infected
Hiv history

8. 1983
1984
May, the U.S. Congress passes the first bill that includes funding specifically targeted for AIDS research and treatment—$12 million for agencies within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
1984 – Needle sharing
First bill passed to fund AIDS research and Treatment
$12 million for agencies w/in US Dept Health & Human Serv.
Needle sharing is warned of
Hiv history

9. 1985 Hiv history Ryan White – blood transfusion
1985 – Ryan White received blood transfusion and was denied access to middle school. December 6, the U.S. Public Health Service issues the first recommendations for preventing HIV transmission from mother to child. At least 1 HIV case reported
Ryan White – blood transfusion
Adv
Recommendations to prevent mother/child trans.
Hiv history

10. 1989 1992 1994 Hiv history 100,000 cases reported
1992 – Number one cause of death for US men ages 25-44
1994 – AIDS becomes the leading cause of death for ALL Americans ages AZT given to pregnant HIV positive women
100,000 cases reported
#1 cause of death for US men 25-44
#1 cause of death for ALL 25-44
Hiv history

11. 1995 1996 1997 Hiv history 500,000 cases reported
1995 – 500,000 cases of AIDS in the US
1996 – International AIDS vaccine initiative forms. First HIV home test,viral load test, non nuclease reverse transcription drug (nevitapine)
1997 – Combivir – combo of 2 antiretroviral drugs
500,000 cases reported
AIDS Vaccine initiative forms
New tests and New meds
Hiv history

12. 2002 2003 2007 Hiv history Leading cause of Death in sub-Sahara
2002 – HIV/AIDS is now by far the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa (dozenof other countries report serious epidemics)
2003 – Increased funding from government and private companies (Gates Foundation) contribute to AIDS
research
,000 people have died of AIDS in the US since 1981
Leading cause of Death in sub-Sahara
Increased funding both government and private
565,000 dead in US since 1981
Hiv history

13. 2010 2012 2013 Hiv history ACA covers HIV patients
2010 – ACA extends to include HIV patients to not be excluded from healthcare
2012 – Truvada – pre-exposure prophylaxis (don’t have HIV but are at risk)
2013 – more than I million infants born HIV free – from PEPFAR President’s Plan for AIDS relief
2014 – first phase of Partner study – sexual HIV transmission risk
2015 – infections fell by 19% from 2005 – 2014
2016 – international study shows that tenofovir – antiretroviral drug – resistance is increasing. he National Institutes of Health and partners announce they will launch a large HIV vaccine trial in South Africa in November 2016, pending regulatory approval. 
ACA covers HIV patients
Pre-exposure drug developed
More than 1 million infants HIV Free
Hiv history

14. 2014 2015 2016 Hiv history First phase of Partner study began
2014 – first phase of Partner study – sexual HIV transmission risk
2015 – infections fell by 19% from 2005 – 2014There were steep declines among heterosexuals, people who inject drugs, and African Americans (especially black women), but trends for gay/bisexual men varied by race/ethnicity.  antiretroviral therapy is highly effective at preventing sexual transmission of HIV from a person living with HIV to an uninfected heterosexual partner, when the HIV-positive partner is virally suppressed. The finding comes from the decade-long HPTN 052 clinical trial.
2016 – international study shows that tenofovir – antiretroviral drug – resistance is increasing. he National Institutes of Health and partners announce they will launch a large HIV vaccine trial in South Africa in November 2016, pending regulatory approval. 
First phase of Partner study began
Infections fell by 19% - Antiretroviral therapy eff.
Vaccine Trials announced
Hiv history

15. Vaccine Hiv history First phase of Partner study began
The experimental vaccine regimen is based on the investigation by U.S. Military HIV Research Program-led RV144 clinical trial. The current regimen is designed to provide greater protection than that trial and was adapted to the HIV subtype that predominates in southern Africa.
This regimen was found to be 31.2 percent effective at preventing HIV infection during the 3.5 years after vaccination. Yet it appeared to be 60 percent effective one year after vaccination.
In the HVTN 702 (new study), the design and schedule of the RV144 vaccine has been adjusted to increase immune response and immunity duration.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is oversees operational aspects of this trial, including 5,400 HIV-uninfected men and women ages 18 to 35 showing risk for HIV infection. The NIAID-funded HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) will conduct the study. Results are expected in late 2020. . 
First phase of Partner study began
Infections fell by 19% - Antiretroviral therapy eff.
Vaccine Trials announced
Hiv history

16. Hiv HIV – CCR5 is a co-receptor required for HIV entry
Some people are resistant to HIV because of lacking this receptor through a mutation in that gene
HIV doesn’t attach so well to the T-cell, therefore no infection
CCR5 is not the whole story of immunity to HIV. Some resistant people have been found who have two perfectly normal copies of CCR5 gene. Which means other genes could contribute to slowing/stopping HIV infection.

17. Immunity
Was discovered in a Bone Marrow transplant to a patient with leukemia
Patient was cured of the HIV infection after 20 months. (2009 Nature Pub)
Hiv history

18. Hiv HIV – Human Immuno-deficiency Virus Virus that causes AIDS
AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Virus Attacks the Immune system
Vaccines are being tested now in Africa
People are Immune
New antiretroviral medications show to be effective in treatment
Education and lowering risks of infection WORKS

19. HIV
Sources!
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22. HIV, History, and Immunity
Scientistmel.com
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Twitter.com/scientistmel
9/30/17 10 AM CST