1. Part 3

2. Hemostasis

4. Hemostasis – stoppage of blood flow
3 Stages
Vascular Spasms –
immediate response to vessel injury
response to pain

5. 2. Platelet Plug Formation
Vessel endothelium ruptures and collagen fibers are exposed
Platelets swell forming sticky processes and release chemicals
Chemicals may enhance spasm or attract more platelets to area (pos. feedback)
Loose knit plug formed

6. 3. Clot Formation or Coagulation
Thromboplastin (from platelets and injured cells) acts as a catalyst
Catalyst causes several intermediate steps which cause
Formation of thrombin enzyme
Thrombin causes fibrinogen to change to fibrin which forms strings
Cells attach to fibrin forming a clot

8. Thrombus

9. Thrombus
clot in undamaged vessel
may occlude and cause tissue death

12. free floating thrombus = embolism

14. caused by: treat with anticoagulants
roughening of vessel due to inflammation
burns
Arteriosclerosis
reduced blood flow in bed ridden patients
treat with
anticoagulants

15. Transfusions and Blood Loss

16. Transfusions and Blood Loss
30% or more loss can be fatal
1/10 or less, no problem

17. incompatible transfusion can be fatal
some blood factors cause little or no reaction and are used mainly for genetic and legal studies
ABO Blood Groups and Rh do cause reactions (hemolysis and clumping)

18. ABO Blood Groups and Rh do cause reactions (hemolysis and clumping)

19. Blood Typing

20. Blood Types
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O

21. Blood Typing
Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B
Blood type Antigen Antibody
A A anti-B
B B anti-A
A & B AB no anti body
Neither A or B O anti-A and anti-B
Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane
Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens.
They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping = agglutination

22. Human Blood Groups
Antigen: foreign substance that immune system recognizes
Antibodies: Y-shaped proteins secreted by WBC’s that attach to antigens
Agglutination: clumping caused by antibodies binding to antigens on RBCs
RBC surface proteins:
A antigen
B antigen
Rh antigen

23. Type A b b b b b b b

24. Type B a a a a a a a

25. Type O a b a a a b b a a b

26. Type AB

27. ABO Blood Groups
42%
12% 3%
43%
Type A: has A antigen on surface of RBC
Type B: has B antigen
Type AB: has both A & B antigens
Type O: has no antigens on surface

29. O = Universal Donor
AB = Universal Recipient

30. ABO Blood Groups
Table 17.4

31. agglutinates with both sera)
Blood being tested
Serum
Anti-A
Anti-B
Type AB (contains
agglutinogens A and B;
agglutinates with both
sera)
RBCs
Type A (contains
agglutinogen A;
agglutinates with anti-A)
Type B (contains
agglutinogen B;
agglutinates with anti-B)
Type O (contains no
agglutinogens; does not
agglutinate with either
serum)
Figure 17.16

32. Blood type being tested
Blood Typing
Blood type being tested
RBC agglutinogens
Serum Reaction
Anti-A
Anti-B AB
A and B + B – A O
None

33. ABO Blood Types Phenotype Genotype O i i A I A I A or I A i
B I B I B or I B i
AB I A I B 33

34. Punnett square
Type A and Type B cross IB i IA
IAIB
IAi IA
IAIB
IAi

35. Blood Typing Analysis Blood sample mixed with 3 antibodies
If blood clumps, antigens are present
If no clumps, no antigens are present
Anti-A antibody test
Rh antibody test
Anti-B antibody test

38. Rh antigen found on RBC’s in Rhesus monkeys (1940)

39. Rh Factor and Pregnancy
RH- indicates no protein
RH+ indicates protein
                                                                                                             

40. Rh Factor and Pregnancy
Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem
RhoGAM 28 weeks

41. Rh Factor in USA approximately 85% are Rh + and 15% are Rh –
after exposure to +, a - baby will build antibodies and a second exposure can result in clumping
usually less severe than AB reactions
pos. babies in a neg. mother were a problem
now mother given a shot a birth to block immune response

42. Volume Emergencies
transfuse plasma because no typing needed and volume increases fast

43. INQUIRY
What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte?
What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white cells?
What dietary component is needed for the production of red blood cells?
The largest cells in the blood that leave the bloodstream to become macrophages are ____.
In an acute infection, the white cell count would show as ______.
Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as hemolytic newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying ____ fetuses.
What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells?
In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type O person?