1. The Exciting World of
Organic Compounds

2. To be or not to be… organic
Organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen
For example, glucose (C6H12O6) is organic
Why?
Inorganic compounds are lacking carbon, hydrogen or both
Water, oxygen and carbon dioxide are all inorganic compounds

3. Important Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules
The four major types of organic compounds we will discuss are all macromolecules
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
They are also all polymers (long chains of repeating units) composed of monomers

4. Proteins Polymers of amino acids
20 different amino acids with the same backbone of functional groups
Functional groups
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Radical group ( R ) distinguishes one amino acid from the next

5. 20 Amino Acids

6. How to make a polypeptide?
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
They connect by forming a peptide bond
The carboxyl group of one connects with the amino group of the adjacent amino acid
A molecule of water is removed to make this possible in a process known as dehydration synthesis
Proteins are digested in a process known as hydrolysis, where water is added

7. Carbohydrates Polymers of saccharides
Monosaccharides= one saccharide and are considered a carbohydrate in themselves
Examples include glucose, fructose and galactose
All have the same chemical formula of C6H12O6 so how are they different?

8. Carbohydrates- Disaccharides
Carbohydrates consisting of two monosaccharides
Maltose and sucrose are two common examples
How are these disaccharides formed?

9. Carbohydrates- Polysaccharides
What does poly mean? (think of a polygon or what a polymer is)
Glycogen, starch and cellulose are some common polysaccharides
How are they formed?
Glycogen is a polysaccharide found in animals (how we store extra glucose in our liver)
Starch is a polysaccharide found in plants (how they store glucose)
Cellulose is a polysaccharide that composes the cell walls of plants
Chitin is a polysaccharide found in some bacterial cells and in the exoskeleton of arthropods

10. Lipids Polymer consisting of hydrocarbon monomers
Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic (water-fearing)
Triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol are some common lipids
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

11. Lipids Phospholipids: Similar to triglycerides
One fatty acid chain is replaced with a phosphate group
Compose cell membrane

12. Lipids- Cholesterol
A unique lipid as it is not made out of hydrocarbon chains, but rather hydrocarbon rings
Only found in animal cells
Part of cell membrane along with phosopholipids
All steroids such as estrogen and testosterone are actually derived from cholesterol

13. Nucleic Acids
Acidic macromolecules found in the nucleus in addition to the mitochondria and chloroplast
They are polymers consisting of nucleotides
A nucleotide consists of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar and a nitrogen base
They carry the genetic code in the sequence of the nitrogen bases

14. Nucleic Acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Has the sugar deoxyribose
Nitrogen bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine
Double-stranded
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Has the sugar ribose
Nitrogen bases are adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine
Single stranded