1. Reproductive strategies

2. Dispersal, variability, restsiant stages

3. Hermaphroditism in animals

4. Monoecious plants
Having both unisexual - male and female flowers

5. Monoecious plants
Having bisexual Flowers -- with both male and female parts

6. Apple has a perfect flower
Green sepals (6) protect the bud before the flower opens.
Petals (1) which people see as white, are highly visible to the insect pollinators.
Male parts of the flower are called stamens, and consist of a filament (5) and anther (4).
Pollen is produced in its anthers (4). When pollen grains mature, they land on the stigma (2), which is a receptacle for the style (a long tube that empties into the ovary (7)). The pollen grain then forms a pollen tube that grows down the style (3) and reaches the ovary (7),

7. Binary fission

8. Budding

9. Fragmentation

10. Spore formation

11. Vegetative reproduction

12. Vegetative reproduction

13. Vegetative reproduction

14. Artificial Vegetative reproduction

15. Importance of Vegetative Propagation
It is the only means of reproduction for seedless plants such as pineapples, seedless grapes, oranges, roses, sugarcane, potato, banana, etc.
Plants raised through vegetative propagation are genetically similar. It preserves the type of characters that a plant breeder desires to retain.
It is very economical and easy method for the multiplication of plants.

16. Artificial Vegetative reproduction
To ensure a quick growth union, all cut surfaces are covered with a soft wax to prevent drying. The tissues of both the stock and the scion will fuse together and will make organic connection, getting nourishment from the stock, but producing fruits of scion retaining parental characters. Grafting is not possible is monocot plants since cambial activity is essential for the union of stocks and scion.
Grafting blends the properties of two plants. It is also used in the production of dwarf fruit trees for the home gardens. High quality roses are usually grafted on wild rose root stocks. Other plants where grafting has been performed successfully are rubber, apple, pear, mango and guava.

17. Grafting peach into plum
Main grafting steps: Trimming bark after cutting a branch to be grafted
Next: Budwood inserted into branch
Completed bark graft which has been tied with tape and waxed with grafting wax
These peach grafts were been successful and have already produced blossoms
This wild plum tree has now become half peach and half plum

18. Artificial Vegetative reproduction- tissue culture

19. Tissue culture

20. Application of tissue culture

21. Application of tissue culture
Micro propagation of plants
Plant tissue in very small amounts can produce hundreds or thousands of plants continuously. By using tissue culture methods, millions of plants with the same genetic characteristics can be obtained only from one eye buds.
Improved crop In crop improvement efforts, pure strains can take six to seven generations of self-pollination or crosses. Through tissue culture techniques, homozygous plants can be obtained in a short time by producing haploid plants through pollen culture, anther or ovaries followed by chromosome doubling.
Production of disease-free plants (virus) Tissue culture technology has contributed in a plant that is free from viruses. In plants that have been infected with the virus, the cells in the bud tip (meristem) is an area that is not infected with the virus. In this way virus-free plants can be obtained from the meristem.
Genetic transformation For example, bacterial gene transfer (such as cry genes from Bacillus thuringiensis) into the plant cells )
The production of secondary metabolites, compounds Plant cell culture can also be used to produce biochemical compounds (secondary metabolites) such as alkaloids in industrial scale.

22. Inbreeding (Self-pollination)
Advantages:
Preserves well-adapted genotypes
Insures seed set in the absence of pollinators
Single colonizing individual possible
Disadvantages:
Decreases (or maintains) genetic variability

23. Outbreeding (Cross-pollination)
Advantages:
Increases genetic variability
Strong evolutionary potential
Adaptation to changing conditions
Successful long-term
Disadvantages:
Can destroy well-adapted genotypes (offspring are not guaranteed to be viable)
Relies on effective cross-pollination

24. Outbreeder or Inbreeder?
Often one can tell just by looking at a flower whether it cross-pollinates or self-pollinates.
OUTBREEDER
INBREEDER
self-incompatible
self-compatible
many flowers
few flowers
large flowers
small flowers
bright colors
mono-colored
nectaries present
nectaries absent
scented flowers
unscented flowers
nectar guides present
nectar guides absent
anthers far from stigma
anthers close to stigma
many pollen grains
fewer pollen grains
style exserted from flower
style included in flower

25. Alternation of generation

27. Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis a form of asexual reproduction found in females, where growth and development of embryos occurs without fertilization by a male.

28. Parthenogenesis in nature
The Daphnia switch from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction seasonally. When the environment is favorable, daphnia reproduce asexually. Under circumstances demonstrating environmental stress, the daphnia become sexually reproductive.
Honey Bees tend to use parthenogenesis for the establishment of social organization. The male drones, or worker bees, reproduce solely through parthenogenesis. All females, both fertile queens and infertile workers, are created through sexual reproduction.