1. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
The Greeks were among the most talented architects of the ancient world
The Parthenon, a temple of marble made to honor the goddess Athena, is the most famous example of Greek architecture

2. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
The Greeks made columns in various styles (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian) and displayed murals of mythological scenes in their buildings

3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Greek architecture’s influence can be found in many buildings around the world, including the U.S.

4. GREEK MATHEMATICS
Ancient Greek mathematicians developed important math concepts that are still used today
Scientists use pi to find the circumference of circles
Euclid developed proofs that became the basis for modern geometry

5. GREEK MATHEMATICS
Pythagoras tried to explain everything in mathematical terms
He created a theorem about the relationships between the sides of a triangle called the Pythagorean Theorem
The Theorem is still used all over the world
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve for “c”.
The value of “a” is 3 and “b” is 6

6. GREEK ASTRONOMY & GEOGRAPHY
The Greeks took the first steps into astronomy (study of planets and stars)
Some of their conclusions were wrong, but provided ideas for later astronomers to build and improve on

7. GREEK ASTRONOMY & GEOGRAPHY
The Greeks realized that the Sun was larger than Earth (originally, they thought the Sun was smaller than Greece)
Eratosthenes showed that the Earth was round & calculated its circumference.

8. GREEK ASTRONOMY & GEOGRAPHY
The Greeks debated over whether the Sun or the Earth was the center of the Universe
They settled on the belief of Ptolemy: he thought that Earth was the center; this would be believed for 14 more centuries

9. GREEK ENGINEERING
Archimedes was a brilliant scientist and engineer from the Greek territory of Syracuse (modern day Sicily)
He designed levers that could lift heavy objects; he designed a screw that pumped water from the ground

10. GREEK ENGINEERING
Archimedes also built war machines, such as catapults that threw rocks and launched arrows
He made a machine that had reflective metal; he would reflect the Sun’s rays at enemy ships and set them on fire

11. GREEK ART & SCULPTURES
The Greeks’ life-sized statues are renowned for their innovation; the sculptures showed realism and portrayed human movement

12. GREEK ART & SCULPTURES
By making nude sculptures, the Greeks tried to show “ideal human beauty”

13. GREEK SPORTS
Greeks believed that athletic competitions were a way to please the gods and honor dead heroes.
The Olympic Games were started in 776 BCE and held every 4 years. Each city-states would send athletes to compete. Only free men could compete.

14. GREEK MEDICINE
Hippocrates is called the “father of modern medicine” because he began a school that introduced new medical practices
Hippocrates believed that diseases were caused by natural events, not by the gods

15. GREEK MEDICINE
Greek physicians developed the “Hippocratic Oath,” a pledge that doctors take that emphasizes a doctor’s responsibility to the patients
“I swear by Apollo, the healer, and I take to witness all the gods…the following Oath: I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.”
—Excerpt from the Hippocratic Oath

16. Why do you think scholars call this period in Greek history a “golden age”?
Which Greek achievement do you think is most important? Why?

17. Athens and Sparta worked together against Persia, but after that they competed for power
As Athens grew, the other polis viewed it with hostility. Sparta declared war in 431 BCE.
The war between Sparta and Athens was called the Peloponnesian War. Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 BCE, leaving Greece vulnerable to attack.
Peloponnesian War When the Peloponnesian War between the two city-states began, Athens had the stronger navy. Sparta had the stronger army, and its location inland meant that it could not easily be attacked by sea. Pericles’ strategy was to avoid land battles with the Spartan army and wait for an opportunity to strike Sparta and its allies from the sea. Eventually, the Spartans marched into Athenian territory. They swept over the countryside, burning the Athenian food supply. Pericles responded by bringing residents from the surrounding region inside the city walls. The city was safe from hunger as long as ships could sail into port with supplies from Athenian colonies and foreign states. In the second year of the war, however, disaster struck Athens. A frightful plague swept through the city, killing perhaps one-third of the population, including Pericles. Although weakened, Athens continued to fight for several years. Then, in 421 B.C., the two sides, worn down by the war, signed a truce. Sparta Gains Victory The peace did not last long. In 415 B.C., the Athenians sent a huge fleet carrying more than 20,000 soldiers to the island of Sicily. Their plan was to destroy the city-state of Syracuse, one of Sparta’s wealthiest allies. The expedition ended with a crushing defeat in 413 B.C. In his study of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides recalled: “[The Athenians] were destroyed with a total destruction—their fleet, their army—there was nothing that was not destroyed, and few out of many returned home.” Somehow, a terribly weakened Athens fended off Spartan attacks for another nine years. Finally, in 404 B.C., the Athenians and their allies surrendered. Athens had lost its empire, power, and wealth.

18. Philosophy means “love of wisdom”
GREEK PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy means “love of wisdom”
Socrates taught his students the art of questioning - to challenge accepted values in Greece
After the war, many Athenians lost confidence in democratic government and began to question their values. In this time of uncertainty, several great thinkers appeared. They were determined to seek the truth, no matter where the search led them. The Greeks called such thinkers philosophers, meaning “lovers of wisdom.”
These Greek thinkers based their philosophy on the following two assumptions:
• The universe (land, sky, and sea) is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws.
• People can understand these laws through logic and reason.
One group of philosophers, the Sophists, questioned people’s unexamined beliefs and ideas about justice and other traditional values. One critic of the Sophists was Socrates (SAHK•ruh•TEEZ). Unlike the Sophists, he believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice. However, he encouraged Greeks to go farther and question themselves and their moral character. Historians believe that it was Socrates who once said, “The unexamined life is not worth living.” Those who understood Socrates admired him deeply. The majority of citizens, however, could not understand this strange old man and his ideas. In 399 B.C., when Socrates was about 70 years old, he was brought to trial for “corrupting the youth of Athens” and “neglecting the city’s gods.” In his own defense, Socrates said that his teachings were good for Athens because they forced people to think about their values and actions. The jury disagreed and condemned him to death. He died by drinking hemlock, a slow-acting poison.
He thought people must think for themselves by asking and answering questions that led to the truth- Socratic Method

19. Plato wrote The Republic. In it, he described his idea of a perfectly
GREEK PHILOSOPHY
Plato was a student of Socrates; he was a philosopher and mathematician
Plato wrote The Republic. In it, he described his idea of a perfectly
governed society.
Plato wrote his most famous work, The Republic. In it, he set forth his vision of a perfectly governed society. It was not a democracy. In his ideal society, all citizens would fall naturally into three groups: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class. The person with the greatest insight and intellect from the ruling class would be chosen philosopher-king. Plato’s writings dominated philosophic thought in Europe for nearly 1,500 years.
He also created the Academy of Athens, the first center of higher learning in the Western world

20. GREEK PHILOSOPHY
Aristotle was a student of Plato and became a brilliant teacher of the sciences
Aristotle created the basis for the scientific method: every truth is followed by other logical truth. He applied his method to the field of psychology and to the classification of animals.
and biology
Together with the work of Socrates and Plato, Aristotle’s work provided a basis of Western civilization