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World War I “The War to End All War”
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Primary Cause The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914
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Secondary Causes Unification of Germany
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Secondary Causes Annexation of Bosnia by Austria Hungary (1908)
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Secondary Causes Complex and Shifting Alliance System
Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance
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Secondary Causes Militarism
countries compete to build up their military (arms race)
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Secondary Causes Colonialism/Imperialism
European nations compete for lands in Africa, Asia,
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World War I The War Starts - Assassination sets off a chain reaction - The Alliance System: Allies (Triple Entente) vs. Central Powers (Triple Alliance) - The Schlieffen Plan & the first Battle of the Marne
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America’s Role Watching and Waiting: “America First”
U.S. stays neutral
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Watching and Waiting: “America First”
America’s Role Watching and Waiting: “America First” U.S. stays neutral Foreign Policy Struggle – isolationists, interventionists, “Moral Diplomacy” Mexican Revolution Struggling to stay neutral Strong peace movement As time passed, more sympathy for the Allies Anglophiles in the White House
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America’s Role Isolationists-want U.S. to STAY OUT
LaFollette, Addams, peace groups
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America’s Role Interventionists-want America to intervene or get involved Roosevelt, Preparedness Movement
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Watching and Waiting: “America First”
America’s Role Watching and Waiting: “America First” U.S. stays neutral Foreign Policy Struggle – isolationists, interventionists, “Moral Diplomacy” Mexican Revolution Struggling to stay neutral Strong peace movement As time passed, more sympathy for the Allies Anglophiles in the White House
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Leaning Towards the Allies
Common Language and Culture Protect Democracy Transatlantic Cables Economic reasons – Trade with the Allies – “Rights of Neutrals” Aggressive violent image of Germany Preparedness Movement
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America at War Causes for U.S. Entry to WW I A. German Activity
(Remember, this is 3 years after WW I starts) A. German Activity 1. Spies and Sabotage 2. U-Boat Warfare (Lusitania & others) 3. Zimmerman Note American trade/investment - $$$
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America at War Situation in Europe (1917)
Stalemate & Devastation on the Western Front (Trench Warfare) Russia: Revolution, then the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk German offensive Allies desperate for U.S. help
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America at War The Home Front Selective Service Act – The Draft
“Convoy” system – Adm. Sims Monetary costs Government Bureaucracy Food Administration War Industries Board US RR Admin. War Labor Policies Board Committee on Public Information (CPI)
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11/18/2018
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11/18/2018
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America at War The Home Front Attacking the “Enemy Within”
Unofficial – Tide of Intolerance Official – curtailing individual rights & protections Women’s Movement Benefits
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America at War Americans in Action 14 Points
A.E.F. – “Doughboys”, Pershing Important Battles Stopping Germany: Cantigny & Belleau Wood Counter-offensive: St. Mihiel (1st organized air strikes) and the Meuse-Argonne Campaign (1.2 M Americans) Heroes in an Anonymous War Armistice Casualties / Results
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World War I Air Power Billy Mitchell
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Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial in France:
130.5 acres, largest number of American military dead in Europe, a total of 14,246.
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America at War “Losing” the Peace 14 Points get whittled down
Treaty of Versailles Wilson’s mistakes Elements of the treaty League of Nations The fight for ratification
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America at War Paying the Piper Treatment of Germany
Treatment of Russia U.S. renouncement of Treaty and League Vietnam ramifications
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