1. RANK Ligand: A Key Role in Cancer-Induced Bone Destruction?
Arnulf Stenzl 
European Urology Supplements 
Volume 8, Issue 11, Pages (November 2009)
DOI: /j.eursup
Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Role of RANK Ligand in osteoclast formation, function, and survival. Adapted from Boyle et al [10].
CFU-M=colony-forming unit macrophage; M-CSF=macrophage colony-stimulating unit.
European Urology Supplements 2009 8, DOI: ( /j.eursup )
Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
RANK Ligand mediates a vicious cycle of tumour growth and bone resorption. Adapted from Roodman [25].
PTHrP=parathyroid-hormone-related peptide; BMP=bone morphogenetic peptide; TGF-β=transforming growth factor β; IGF=insulin-like growth factor; FGF=fibroblast growth factor; VEGF=vascular endothelial growth factor; ET1=endothelin 1; PDGF=platelet-derived growth factor.
European Urology Supplements 2009 8, DOI: ( /j.eursup )
Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption by a RANK Ligand inhibitor such as denosumab. Adapted from Roodman [25].
PTHrP=parathyroid-hormone-related peptide; BMP=bone morphogenetic peptide; TGF-β=transforming growth factor β; IGF=insulin-like growth factor; FGF=fibroblast growth factor; VEGF=vascular endothelial growth factor; ET1=endothelin 1; PDGF=platelet-derived growth factor.
European Urology Supplements 2009 8, DOI: ( /j.eursup )
Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions