1. CODESA: process CODESA I (Dec. 1991 – May 1992)
Referendum 1992 (to gauge white support)
CODESA II ( May 1992)
Negotiations broke down (June 1992)
MPNF (April 1993)
Sunset Clause (compromise)

2. 5.4 Compromises made

3. Restart of negotiations
Talks between Roelf Meyer (NP) and Cyril Ramaphosa (ANC)
September 1992: Record of Understanding
Both sides made concessions

4. Concessions- Government:
Released more political prisoners Agreed to curb violence of Inkatha
Ban traditional weapons
Fences around hostels

5. Concessions- ANC:
Agreed on government of “national unity” for five years after elections
Proposed by Joe Slovo
Broke deadlock
Sunset clause

6. Chris Hani
1993: Talks due to start in April, but almost derailed by assassination of
Chris Hani (ANC/SACP
leader) by right-wing
white extremist
Angry demonstrations and increase in tensions
Mandela’s appeal for calm
April 1993: Negotiations resumed

7. 5.5 The settlement that was reached
April 1993 Multi-party Negotiating Forum resumed talks
PAC and CP joined talks
July 1993 agreement reached on interim constitution

8. Agreement on interim constitution:
National Assembly of 400 representatives
elected by proportional representation
Nine provinces
Senate (NCP) with 10 representatives from each province

9. Interim Constitution President to be elected by National Assembly
National Assembly and Senate to form constitutional assembly to draft final constitution
Government of National Unity for first five years (all with 5%)
Establishment of Constitutional Court

10. First Election Plans for first democratic election:
Vote for all over 18
Date set for 27 April 1994

11. 5.6 Attempts to disrupt the election
Several groups
threatened the election
process:

12. Right-wing Afrikaners
•Right-wing AWB, under Eugene Terre’blanche,
opposed to change
•June 1993: AWB attack on World Trade Centre:
» 200 AWB members occupied building
» Caused damage and concern
- But failed to stop negotiations

13. APLA • Armed wing of PAC) Reasons:
» Thought ANC making too many compromises
» Thought this would undermine chances of
revolutionary changes
• APLA attacks:
» St James Church in Kenilworth, Cape Town
» Heidelberg Tavern, also in Cape Town
• End of 1993: PAC agreed to end armed struggle

14. 5.7 1994: What happened on the final road to democracy?
•December 1993: Agreement on interim constitution
•Constitution included Bill of Rights, Children’s
Charter, Women’s Charter

15. More violence threatens the election
• Violence from right-wing Afrikaners:
» 40 bomb blasts targeted political party offices
and voting venues
» Car bomb in central Johannesburg
» Bombing campaign in Johannesburg killed
21 and injured hundreds

16. More violence threatens the election
• Opposition from some homeland leaders:
» Mangope of Bophuthatswana
» Oupa Gqozo of Ciskei
» feared losing privileges when homelands
abolished

17. More violence threatens the election
•Formed Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG)
with Inkatha and CP
•But Mangope and Gqozo forced to step down
• AWB ínvasion of Bophuthatswana to support
Mangope failed

18. More violence threatens the election
• March 1994: Shell House massacre:
» March by Inkatha in Johannesburg past ANC
headquarters
» Clash between Inkatha marchers and ANC
guards
- 53 killed
300 more died in countrywide violence
• Hope for peaceful election fading