1. Immunology
KNH 413

2. Immunity Body’s ability to recognize material as foreign and to
neutralize, eliminate, and/or metabolize it
Symptoms from an infectious disease

4. Antigens and Immunogens
Antigen characteristics
Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids
Of sufficient size
Structural stability
Degradable
Complex
Foreign to the organism (immunogenic)

5. Immune System Functions: 4 basic requirements: Recognizes then reacts
Defense
Homeostasis
Surveillance
4 basic requirements:
Specificity
Diversity
Adaptivity
Ability to respond to new stimuli
Recognizes then reacts

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11. Cells of the Immune System
Other cells
Mast cells
Mucosal surfaces
Dendritic cells
Lymph nodes
Langerhans cells
Skin

14. Antigen Recognition
Antibodies – assist in destruction or neutralization of the antigen
Immunoglobulins (Ig)
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

15. Immune Response Modes of Attack Phagocytosis
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Antibodies
Inflammation

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19. Altered and Foreign cells
Transplant Rejection
Host versus graft (HVG)
First set rejection – days
Second set rejection – months to years
Graft versus host (GVH)
Matching of MHC antigens is critical
Immunosuppression required
Unique challenges based on organ

20. Immunodeficiency Most caused by malnutrition or genetics
Malnutrition – d/t lack of access and dietary choice
Affects through the life span
Critical nutrients
Vitamins A, C, B6, E, essential fatty acids, beta-carotene, manganese, selenium, zinc, copper, iron, sulfur, manganese, germanium

21. Immunodeficiency Most caused by malnutrition or genetics
Congenital/inherited
Males more likely - X recessive
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
IgA deficiency most common
DiGeorge syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
SCIDs – “bubble boy”

22. Immunodeficiency Acquired Immunodeficiencies From cancer treatment HIV
From burns
From IBD

24. Immune System Attack Type I / IgE Respiratory allergens
Sneezing, watery red eyes, runny nose, respiratory distress
Oral inflammation, canker sores, cramps, nausea, diarrhea, gas
Hives
Atopic to anaphylactic

25. Immune System Attack Type I / IgE Histamines are released early
Leukotrienes later
Treatment
antihistamines
epinephrine

26. Immune System Attack Type I / IgE Food allergies - 1-2% of adults
Many confuse allergy with intolerance
Allergy – immune response
Histamines in cheese, wine, some fish may cause intolerances
Lactose intolerance is most common
Also yellow dye no. 5, MSG, sulfites

27. Immune System Attack Common food allergens Peanuts, tree nuts
Shellfish
Fish
Food additives
Milk
Soy
Egg
Wheat

28. Immune System Attack
Asthma – chronic airway inflammation and excessive airway sensitivity to various triggers
Genetic, environmental, lifestyle
Symptoms may be intermittent, although constant inflammation present
Wheezing, cough, chest tightness, difficulty breathing, sputum production

29. Autoimmunity Adaptive response against self
5-7% of adults, older, female
Testosterone, estrogen
Pathogenic immune cells cross-react with human cells
Autoantibodies produce lesions

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