1. The Digestive System

3. The Endocrine System & The Digestive System
The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Maintains homeostasis
Regulates reproduction and development

4. What are Hormones?
Chemical messengers produced by the cell that effects specific changes in other cells (target cells)
May take a long time to take effect

5. How do hormones travel through the body?
Through the bloodstream

6. Endocrine Glands vs. Exocrine Glands
Exocrine glands secrete substances into tube-like structures
Example
Digestion System
Saliva
Remember from Digestion Video
Milk from Breasts
Stomach Acid
Endocrine Glands secrete substances directly into extra-cellular space.
Substance moves via diffusion

7. Pancreas Located behind the stomach
Hormone producing cells known as Islets of Langerhans
Hormones
Glucagon
Targets the liver
Increases blood glucose
Kicks in after about 2 hours after eating
Tells cells to release glucagon and increase blood sugar

8. Pancreas II Insulin Targets liver, muscle and tissue
Decreases blood glucose
Works after you eat a meal
Tells cells to store the sugar
Excess sugar changed into fat and stored in adipose cells

9. Diabetes Supply of insulin is insufficient for the body’s needs Type I
Destruction of insulin producing cells in the pancreas
Triggered by a viral infection
Before the age of 25
Type II
After the age of 40
Body is not making enough insulin.
Obesity, the body requires larger quantities of insulin
There is simply not enough

10. Diabetes II Muscles are deprived of fuel
Sugar accumulates in the blood
Sugar moves into urine and takes a lot of water with it
Excessive urination, dehydration and great thirst
Muscles start to waste
Bleeding from eyes

12. Excretory System

13. Introduction Helps maintain homeostasis Regulates water balance
Removal of harmful substances from the blood
Lungs {Respiratory System}
Remove CO2
Liver {Digestive System}
Removes worn out Red Blood Cells
Produces Urea
Amino Acid Deamination

14. Major Parts of Urinary System
Kidneys
Produces urine
Contains toxic substances and waste products
Ureter
Tube from kidney to bladder
Bladder
Muscular sac that stores urine
Stores ml of urine
Once at that level, triggers reflex arc that stimulates spinal cord
Use of the Nervous System
Urethra
Tube from bladder to outside world
1.5 inches long in females
6-8 inches long in males

16. Integumentary System

17. Skin/Integument Considered an organ Contains two tissues
Contains accessory organ
Glands
Nails
Hair
Skin, with the accessory organs, make up the Integumentary System

18. Functions Protection Metabolism Excretion Thermoregulation Storage
Vitamin D
Excretion
Salts
Small amount of wastes
Ammonia
Urea
Excreted in sweat
Thermoregulation
Temperature regulation
Storage
Blood

19. Accessory Organs Glands
Eccrine Glands
Releases watery solution
Cools skin as water eveporates
Ceruminous Glands
Secrete cerumen (wax)
Mammary Glands
Produce milk secreted through the nipples of breasts
Apocrine Glands
Located under skin of armpits and pubic regions
Releases solution in response to stress or sexual excitement beginning at puberty