1. Changing States of Matter

2. Concept Map

3. 5 States of Matter 3 Most Common States of Matter on Earth
Solids: Definite Shape and volume
Liquids: No definite shape but have a definite volume
Gases: No definite shape or volume.
Uncommon States of Matter on Earth
Plasma
Bose-Einstein Condensates

4. Solids Two types of solids
Crystalline solids-also called true solids. Have a lattice structure. Most common.
Amorphous solids-no specific melting point
Solids have tightly packed (contracted) particles that are always vibrating slowly

5. Liquids
Liquids move a little faster than solids and their particles slide (expanding )with each other at this state.
Liquids have viscosity, the resistance to flow so the slower the liquid flows the more viscosity.

6. Gases Gases are particles with high average kinetic energy.
Particles are no longer in constant contact (expanded). They collide and bounce off each other
The space between particles allows them to be compressed.

7. Plasma Plasmas have very high energy
Electrons separate from the atoms and become ionized. “Free electrons.”
No definite shape or volume, move as one particle.
Most common state of matter in the universe

8. Bose-Einstein Condensates
 Just a fraction above absolute zero (0 Kelvin) and only for some elements – a BEC occurs.
The atoms start behaving like little waves and start overlapping one another until they eventually act like one wave and essentially become a superatom.
They are not bonded or mixed – they have become indistinguishable from one another, having the same qualities and existing in the same place.
Bose-Einstein Condensates

9. Heat and Temperature Heat is the amount of thermal energy.
Latent heat is the amount of heat needed to change from one state of matter to another.
Heat is measured in Joules
Temperature is the average amount of kinetic energy of the particles in a substance
Temperature is measured in Celsius or Kelvin

10. Heating Curve of Water

11. Changes in Heat
Latent Heat of Fusion is the amount of heat needed to break the bonds of a solid and turn it to a liquid.
Latent Heat of Vaporization is the amount of heat needed to move a liquid to a gas

12. Phase Changes When Energy is increased…
Solid to Liquid-melting or Fusion
Liquid to gas-vaporization (boiling from bottom or evaporation from surface)
Gas to plasma-ionization
Solid to gas-sublimation
Sublimation of Iodine

13. Phase Changes When energy decreases… Gas to liquid-condensation
Liquid to solid-freezing
Gas to solid-deposition
Plasma to gas-recombination or deionization

14. Phase Change diagram

15. Pressure and Temperature
Lowering or increasing the pressure changes the temperature at which phase changes occur.
1 atmosphere is STP (standard temp and pressure) kPa and 760mmHg (millimeters of Mercury) are equivalent measurements.
When you lower the pressure you lower the temperature at which a phase change will occur
When you increase the pressure you in increase the temperature at which a phase change will occur

16. Phase Diagram Extras
The Triple Point is when there is equilibrium and all solid, liquid and gas all exist at the same temp and pressure at the same time
Critical points are where two phases merge into a single phase and are identical-exist as gases