1. The Industrial Revolution
An Overview
CSCOPE
World History

2. Production Before The Industrial Revolution: Food
All goods were made by hand or grown on the farm.
Farmers grew just enough food to survive.
Surpluses might be exchanged for goods made in towns on “Market Days”.
Elaborate on what farming and food production was like in England at this time. Farming was done on small plots of land leased to the farmers. If the farmers didn’t live on the land, then they lived in villages near the land.

3. Agricultural Revolution: England
Increased use of agricultural machinery and techniques enables the farmer to increase productivity.
Mechanization requires less people to work the farms.
The more land, the more products to sell. The Enclosure Act removes the poor people from the land.
In England in 1700 the average sheep weighed 20 lbs. By 1800 the average sheep weighed 40 lbs. What created the change was that farmers could produce enough food to feed not only themselves, but their livestock as well. Larger sheep mean more wool and more meat! This was also done by improved breeding techniques.

4. Agricultural Revolution
Advances
Automated reaper & iron plow (later tractors)
Breeding techniques
Effects:
Surplus in food leads to an increase in population
Mechanization lead to less need for farm workers
Explain that it is the same in nature: as the food supply increases for a species, that species will increase in population

5. Production Before: Essential Goods
Most necessities, such as clothing, furniture, and tools, were made on the farm or in small shops in the towns and villages.
Materials came from the farm or surrounding areas.
Everything was handmade, one item at a time.

6. Production Before: Essential Goods
Manufacturing in towns
Some items were made in towns in guild shops
Guilds were associations of craftsmen in a certain profession.
Craftsmen used simple tools to make cloth, hardware, leather goods, etc.
Cottage Industry: Items were, essentially, hand- made by women working out of their homes.
Remember that many small towns and villages were once part of the manor, which needed craftsmen to make specialized items, like iron goods, bread, pottery, etc. As these societies made the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times, towns and villages became independent with town charters. The craftsmen grouped together into guilds to insure that the products were uniform in quality and utility.

7. Cause of Industrial Revolution: The Scientific Revolution
The discoveries and the spirit of discovery from the scientific revolution turned to more practical innovations.
The discoveries in math, physics and mechanics were the foundation of the inventions that drove the Industrial Revolution.

8. Cottage Industry The Good: The Bad:
Pro-family (keeps worker near/in home)
Worker meets quota and works at own pace
The Bad:
Owner of raw material could not track its use (inefficient control of production)
No on-site management of production
Could not mass produce
Not in control of equipment

9. Population
Where do most of the people in the United States live today?
Answer: In urban areas or cities.

10. Population Before Industrial Revolution
Less than 10% live in cities
Most lived in small towns or villages in the countryside.
The majority were farmers leasing small plots of land from landowners (subsistence farming).
Life and community revolved around the agricultural seasons.

11. The Family Institution
How many people are in your family?
What is the average expectancy for females and males living today?
Boys: Are you going to do what your father does when you grow up?
Girls: Are you going to be housewives or have a career?
Ask the questions on the slide to the students. The following are possible answers:
Will vary per student
72 year-male, 82 years-female
No. They probably will not plan on doing the same occupation as their dad.
Many more opportunities are available to women today compared to the 1700’s.

12. Family Life: Before Industrialization
The extended family
Large families were needed to work the farms.
Families often consisted of
Grandparents
Parents
Many children (4-8 would be the average)
Uncles and aunts
Cousins
Sons followed the father’s trade.
Girls did the work of their mother, which was a housewife.
Little change from generation to generation
This slide provides a contrast to the answers to the questions from the previous slide.

13. Family Life: Before Industrialization
Living conditions were hard for most people
Life revolved around the success of the crops.
Most people were malnourished and susceptible to diseases.
Frequent diseases and epidemics kept the population relatively stable.
Life expectancy was about years.
Marriage and child bearing occurred during the teenage period.
By 1900 Life expectancy was up to 47
Tell the girls in the class (probably around 15-16) they would be on their second child by a man picked out by their fathers. And that 1 of 4 most likely would have died in childbirth.

14. Working: Before
Boys worked in the fields and helped make tools and other necessary implements.
Girls worked at home doing necessary chores, such as making clothes, baskets, cooking, cleaning, etc.
There was little or no pay other than a place to live and food to eat.
Everyone helped out at an early age.
No coinage or currency for the public for the easy exchange of goods and services.

15. Travel When was the last time you went somewhere? Where did you go?
How far did you go and how long did it take?
Before industrialization you might never be 10 miles from where you were born for your entire life.
Anything beyond that would be a pilgrimage.
Ask the students these questions.

16. Government: Before
Monarchs, great landowners, rich merchants, and clergy had most of the power in government.
Even in elected governments, like Britain’s Parliament, the representatives were males who paid large amount of taxes.
People that did not own land and pay taxes had no voice in government.
Common people, especially women, had no input.

17. Why is life so different now?
The Industrial Revolution

18. Overview of Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution creates great wealth but also great social and economic inequality, prompting a backlash of political, social, and economic reforms.
The roots of the Industrial Revolution was a gradual process. “Roots of the Industrial Revolution could be found in the following: (1) The Commercial Revolution ( ), which spurred the great economic growth of Europe, brought about by the Age of Discovery and Exploration, which in turn helped solidify the doctrines of mercantilism; (2) the effect of the Scientific Revolution, which produced the first wave of mechanical inventions and technological advances; (3) the increase in population in Europe from 140 million people in 1750 to 266 million people by the mid-part of the nineteenth century; (4) the political and social revolutions of the nineteenth century, which gave rise to the “middle class,” and provided the leadership for the economic revolution.” Taken from AP European History, REA Association, p. 92

19. Industrial Revolution
Definition
the shift from making goods by hand to making them by machine
The Industrial Revolution left its mark on society. Economic activity becomes more specialized. Economic production changed from the cottage industry to a more impersonal environment at factories.

20. In what country did the Industrial Revolution begin?
England in the
1780’s

21. Why did the Revolution begin in England?
Because England had the 4 factors for production necessary for industrialization

22. What are the four factors of production?
Land (raw material, natural resources)
Labor (skilled and unskilled labor force, management)
Capital (money for investments)
Entrepreneurs (People with a vision and the ability to make it happen)
Each of the 4 factors of production are explained in detail in the next few slides.

23. Land Natural resources such as:
water power and then coal to fuel new machines
iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings
raw materials such as cotton, hemp, wood, etc.
rivers for inland transportation
harbors from which merchant ships set sail
The danger is exploiting the land and its natural/mineral resources leading to deforestation and other environmental pollution.

24. Labor An increase in population created a surplus of workers
Enclosed farms pushed farmers off the land and into the cities
Unskilled laborers were needed to run the machines
Middle management positions (factory managers, accountants, equipment managers)
British workers were generally more skilled, earned higher wages, and had more income to buy more goods and services than anyone else living in Continental Europe. Moreover, technology pushed people from the farms to the cities. This sense of desperation to survive led many to try new means of economic production, which generally included being forced to work in environments that were foreign to them- the factory.

25. Capital
A strong economic and political stability in England encouraged private investment
Banks gave loans to invest in new machinery and to expand operations
Business people invested in the manufacturing of new inventions
England also had a thriving share of international trading partners which provided capital for investments in factories and other forms of economic activities in England. Britain was also a creditor nation and its capital allowed its citizens the flexibility to experiment with loans that could potentially increase its production output.

26. Entrepreneurs
People with a vision who see a need the public will respond to
People with skills and knowledge to gather the needed raw material, recruit and organize workers, and arrange for capital and investments

27. What was the first industry to be transformed by the revolution?
Textile industry
Britain’s textile industry clothed the world in wool, in linen, and cotton.
Do a Google Image search for pictures of the following inventions.

28. Major inventions in the textile industry
Inventions that transformed the manufacture of cloth
flying shuttle
spinning jenny
water powered spinning wheels
For centuries handloom weaving had been carried out on the basis of the shuttle bearing the yarn being passed slowly and awkwardly from one hand to the other. In 1733 John Kay patented his flying shuttle that dramatically increased the speed of this process. Kay placed shuttle boxes at each side of the loom connected by a long board, known as a shuttle race. By means of cords attached to a picking peg, a single weaver, using one hand, could cause the shuttle to be knocked back and forth across the loom from one shuttle box to the other. A weaver using Kay's flying shuttle could produce much wider cloth at faster speeds than before.

29. Willowing Machine
Willowing was the breaking up of raw cotton and removing impurities.
Willowing machines first began to be used at the end of the 18th century.
The machine contained a large drum filled with iron spikes, which loosened and separated the fibers, and a powerful fan which blew away the dust and other impurities through a large pipe.

30. Spinning Jenny
The Spinning Jenny was an 18th century cotton spinning machine designed by James Hargreaves in 1764.
By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once.

31. Power Loom
This invention made it possible for weaving to become a large-scale factory based industry.
Before the invention of the power loom it was handloom weavers who made cloth. These were men who worked in the basements of their homes using wooden hand-powered looms to weave cloth.

32. Flyer Spinning Frame
Introduced by Richard Arkwright in 1769, the flyer spinning frame is powered by the drive wheel at the bottom, drawing out the fiber into thread, then twisting it as it is wound onto the bobbins.

33. Water Powered Mill
Water turned the paddles of a wheel, which in turn moved grinding stones or other mechanical devices.

34. Developments in England had an impact on the rest of the world
Example:
England’s cotton came from plantations in the American South, where cotton production skyrocketed in response to demand from the textile mills in England.
To meet the demand Southern cotton producers sought to expand into the new territory of the USA, taking slavery with them.
The expansion of slavery was one event that led to the American Civil War in
Be sure to point out the date and the event. This is one of the three dates from 8th grade material that can be tested on the 10th & 11th grade TAKS.

35. How might America respond to meet this demand for cotton?
Bring in more slaves to work the crops
Inventions to help in the cotton industry
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, for example

36. American Cotton Production
Thanks to Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin, cotton production in the U.S. skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.

37. Age of Steam
1760s James Watt made significant improvement to create an effective and efficient steam engine.
Now instead of being near a river, steam power changed the location of factories to where the resources or workers were changing the landscape of England.
Before, the factories used water power and therefore had to be located near the rivers. If the rivers ran dry or froze over, production would come to a stop.

38. Transportation expands
Invention of the steam engine, which connected consumers, producers, and suppliers
Construction of canals
Railroads, which promoted the iron and steel industries, where the Bessemer Process was introduced
Construction of better roads

39. More about………roads Did you know…
In the 1700s, British roads were so bad that rain and mud often made roads impassable. Men were known to drown in potholes. In one region, an inland lighthouse was built to guide travelers over treacherous roads.

40. And…more about….
Did you know…
Early trains had no brakes, so passengers had to get out and pull the train to a stop

41. Industrialization changes ways of life
Leads to urbanization (living in cities) and urban ills
Industrialization generates wealth for some but hardship for others
As divisions between rich and poor grow, class tensions escalate

42. Effects of Industrialization
Size of Cities
Tremendous growth in population
Some cities specialize in certain industries
Factories develop near sources of energy
Growth of factories bring job seekers to cities

43. Living Conditions No sanitary codes or building controls
Lack of adequate housing, education and police protection
Lack of running water and indoor plumbing
Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families crowding into one bedroom
Unpaved streets had no drains and collected heaps of garbage.
Epidemics or diseases caused by poor water and sanitary conditions regularly swept through slums
Many people today don’t realize that Sunday School was actually a school for the poor. The only education many would ever get.
High heels were invented to keep your feet out of the garbage in the street
When walking with a woman, she would walk closest to the street so that anyone throwing trash out the windows would fall on the man.
(talk about with discretion) With overcrowding in the cites and shortage of jobs, prostitution was a easy avenue for many of the women. At the time of Jack the Ripper who murdered 10 prostitutes, it is thought that London had up to 10,000 prostitutes

44. More about…
Polluted water was a major problem in British cities in the 1800s. In London, most drinking water came straight from the Thames River, which was filthy with sewage and industrial waste. In 1849, a cholera epidemic killed 400 Londoners a day.

45. Working conditions Dirty and unsanitary factories
Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe conditions
Harsh and severe factory discipline
Average worker, including children, spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week
No voice for the workers in the government or organization to help them
No workers’ compensation for injury on the job. You get hurt, you cannot run the machines, you are fired.

46. Child Labor
Because they could be paid less, children (and women) were often hired instead of men.
Children worked 6 a.m. to 7 or 8 p.m.
To keep them awake, mill supervisors beat them.
Tiny hands around machinery often made this very dangerous for the children.

47. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Created jobs for workers
Contributed to the wealth of nations
Fostered technological progress and inventions in transportation, agriculture, and communication
Greatly increased the production of goods worldwide

48. Effects of Industrialization
Emerging social classes
Upper class: landowners, aristocrats
Upper middle class: factory owners, merchants, government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers
lower middle class: factory overseers, skilled workers
working class: workers in factories and mines

49. Immediate Effects of the Industrial Revolution
During the 1800s, Britain, the United States, and some European countries undergo great changes as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
The widening gap between rich and poor prompts a series of social and political reforms.

50. The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms
Economic Reforms
unions, collective bargaining, strikes
Social Reforms
eventual end of child labor
new wage earning classes from the factory workers
Political Reforms
laws were passed to protect the workers

51. How is life different today because of the Industrial Revolution?
The world has become more interconnected through transportation and systems of communications
mass-produced goods -computers, clothes, movies, medicines, and cars make for a higher standard of living
More leisure time for participation in recreational sports, to attend movies, musicals and fairs,
Many people suffer hunger in part because food production geared for mass markets may ignore local needs
pollution, overcrowded
menial jobs for many
Have students list some of the innovations in communication that have changed over the last 5-10 years.
Examples of scientific advances: insulin, penicillin, and insecticides
Examples of transportation: air travel, trucks, cars etc.

52. Can you identify the following individuals? Marie Curie Thomas Edison
Scientific Advances Due To The Industrial Revolution and Mass Production
Can you identify the following individuals?
Marie Curie
Thomas Edison
Albert Einstein
Robert Fulton
Louis Pasteur
James Watt
Marie Curie- First and only scientist to win two Nobel Peace Prize in both Physics and Chemistry; her work in radioactivity and uranium
Thomas Edison- Inventor of the light bulb
Albert Einstein- Theory of Relativity; E=MC²
Robert Fulton- Inventor of the steamboat
Louis Pasteur-Pasteurized milk
James Watt-Scottish inventor and engineer who brought improvements to the steam engine