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Animal Nutrition
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Nutritional Requirements
Undernourished not enough calories Overnourished too many calories Malnourished missing one or more essential nutrients
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Essential Nutrients Essential Amino Acids Essential Fatty Acids
Essential Vitamins Essential Minerals
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Essential Amino Acids Found in proteins Nine essential in humans
20 different types Nine essential in humans all in animal proteins vegetarians need to eat grains and beans
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Essential Fatty Acids Unsaturated fatty acids
used to make phospholipids for membranes
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Essential Vitamins Fat Soluble Water Soluble stored in fat K, A, D, E
excreted in urine B complex and C
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Essential Minerals Inorganic nutrients Calcium & Phosphorous Iron
bones Iron anemia Iodine thyroid hormones Sodium, Chlorine, & Potassium nerve function, water regulation
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Food Types Heterotrophic Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Insectivores
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Feeding Adaptations Suspension Feeders
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Feeding Adaptations Substrate Feeders
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Feeding Adaptations Fluid Feeders
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Feeding Adaptations Bulk Feeders
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Intracellular Digestion
Inside cells All animals Exclusive in: Protista Porifera
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Extracellular Digestion
Outside cells All animals above the sponges Two Types Gastrovascular Cavity Alimentary Canal
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Gastrovascular Cavity
One opening Found in Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes
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Alimentary Canal Two openings Allows for specialization Mouth Pharynx
Esophagus Crop Gizzard Stomach Intestine Anus
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Mammalian Digestion Accessory Glands Peristalsis Sphincters “Food”
salivary glands pancreas liver (emulsification) gallbladder Peristalsis Sphincters “Food” bolus acid chyme feces
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Macromolecule Digestion
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Dentition and Diet Nonmammal vertebrates Carnivores Herbivores
canines (grasping) incisors (tearing) molars and premolars (crushing and grinding) Herbivores Omnivores
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Digestive Tracts Carnivores Herbivores shorter digestive system
small cecum Herbivores longer digestive system large cecum
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