1. An Introduction to Animal Diversity
Turner College & Career High School  2015

2. What characteristics are common to all animals?
Eukaryotic cells
NO cell wall
Multicellular
Cell specialization
Heterotrophic
Reproduction/Development

3. Categories of Animals Invertebrates: 95%; animals without backbones
Sea stars, worms, jellyfish, & insects
Vertebrates: 5%; animals with backbones
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

4. All About Animals What does an animal do when it respires?
They take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
What does the excretory system of most animals do?
Helps maintain homeostasis by eliminating ammonia quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.
Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve cells.

5. General Characteristics
Feeding: Heterotrophic, cannot make their own food.
Support: Developed skeletal & muscular system.
Habitat: Body evolved to suit environment.
Cell: Multicellular, eukaryotic.
Movement: Most are motile, but some are sessile at some point in their lives.
Reproduction: Varies among the Phyla.

6. Types of Feeders Type of Feeder Description Herbivore Feeds on plants.
Carnivore
Feeds on other animals.
Omnivore
Feeds on both plants and animals.
Filter feeder
Aquatic; strain tiny floating organisms from the water.
Detritivores
Feeds on decaying plant and animal material.

7. Support
Exoskeleton: a rigid external covering for the body in some vertebrate animals, providing both support and protection.
Endoskeleton: an internal skeleton, such as the bony or cartilaginous skeleton of vertebrates.

8. Body Cavities Body cavity may be present or absent or false.
Coelomate – cavity present.
Pseudocoelomate – false cavity present.
Acoelomate – no cavity present.
Coelom protects organs, body, etc.

9. Coelomates Coelomates: “true-coelom”.
Have a fluid-filled space separating digestive tract from outer covering.
Space forms from the MESODERM.

10. Pseudocoelom Pseudocoelom: “false coelom”.
Body cavity derived from the blastocoel, NOT from mesoderm.

11. Acoelomates
Acoelomates: Organisms without body cavities.

12. Animal Symmetry Bilaterally symmetrical animals have:
Dorsal (top) side and Ventral (bottom) side
Anterior (head) and Posterior (tail) ends
Cephalization - the development of a head

13. Advantages of Segmentation
Segmentation allows different body regions to develop for different purposes or uses.
Efficient movement
Detect prey
Specialization

14. Animal Mobility Motile: ability to move.
What enables motile animals to move around?
Muscular contractions, usually in combination with support of the skeletal system.
Sessile: stationary in adult life form.
Why do sessile animals need musculature?
Muscles help sedentary animals feed and pump water and fluids through their bodies.
Filter feeders: strain tiny floating organisms from the water.

15. Animal Reproduction
What type of reproduction maintains genetic diversity in populations? How?
Sexual reproduction; by improving species’ ability to evolve when the environment changes therefore increasing their chance of survival.
What does asexual reproduction allow an animal to do?
It allows animals to increase their numbers rapidly therefore increasing their chance of survival.
Types include: binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis.

16. Early Development of Animals
What is another name for a fertilized egg?
Zygote
What does a zygote form after it undergoes a series of divisions?
Blastula
Protostome: development of an organism from mouth to tail. (ex. Invertebrates).
Deuterostome: development of an organism from tail to mouth. (ex. vertebrates.).

17. Reproduction
Sperm fertilizes an egg  zygote.

18. Development Sperm fertilizes an egg  zygote.
Zygote undergoes cleavage.
Mitotic cell division and cytokinesis, but NO cell growth

19. Development Zygote  Cleavage  Blastula
(hollow space inside = Blastocoel)

20. Development
Zygote Cleavage Blastula  Gastrula
Gastrulation

21. Organization of Tissues
Gastrulation  Animal embryos form germ layers:
Ectoderm  outer covering/not seen in some
Mesoderm  middle layer: muscles and all other organs
Endoderm  innermost layer: lines digestive tract, liver and lungs

22. Body Symmetry
Symmetry in biology is the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes.
Radial symmetry: body parts that repeat around the center.
Bilateral symmetry: a single plane divides the body into to equal parts.
Asymmetry: irregular shape.
Ex: Lobster
Ex: Sea Anemone

23. Comparing vertebrates: digestive system
Class Unichordata Class Reptilia Class Mammalia
Class Chondrichthyes Class Aves

24. Comparing vertebrates: Respiratory system
Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Mammalia Class Aves
Pg Pg. 863

25. Comparing vertebrates: circulatory system
Pg Pg Pg. 885

26. Comparing vertebrates: Nervous system
Pg. 886

27. Evolutionary cladogram
Non-vertebrates: Urochordata
Class Agnatha: Jawless fish
Class Chondrichthyes: Sharks
Class Osteichthyes: Bony fish
Class Amphibia: Amphibians
Class Reptilia: Reptiles
Class Aves: Birds
Class Mammalia: Mammals