1. Edge Phenomena 1

2. Lenition
Lenition means weakening 2

3. Lenition Lenition means weakening
Lots of processes are kinds of lenition
Devoicing word finally
‘big bad Bob’
[bɪ:g̥ bæ:d̥ ba:b̥] 3

4. Lenition Lenition means weakening
Lots of processes are kinds of lenition
Deletion word finally
‘He went over and slept on the floor’
‘He wen’ over an’ slep’ on the floo’’ 4

5. Lenition Lenition means weakening
Lots of processes are kinds of lenition
Changes to [h] or [ʔ] in coda
‘Ba[ʔ]man pu[ʔ] foo[ʔ]ball a[ʔ] last place’ 5

6. Lenition Lenition means weakening
Lots of processes are kinds of lenition
Changes to [h] or [ʔ] in coda
Spanish /s/ > [h]
Es.to que Es.te.ban pes.ca.ba cos.ta.ba mu.cho 6

7. Lenition Lenition means weakening
Lots of processes are kinds of lenition
Changes to [h] or [ʔ] in coda
Spanish /s/ > [h]
E[h].to que E[h].te.ban pe[h].ca.ba co[h].ta.ba mu.cho 7

8. Syllable coda Status of [l] and [ɫ] in English wha[ɫ]e fee[ɫ]
fee[l]ing
[l]ift
pai[ɫ]
She[ɫ]don
Co[ɫ]ton
[l]ead
mai[ɫ]
mai[l]ing 8

9. Syllable coda Status of [l] and [ɫ] in English [ɫ] appears in coda
[l] appears elsewhere 9

10. Syllable coda Korean Rupi Mul kirI Pal Saram saxul Irumi Ilkop Ratio10

11. Syllable coda Korean Rupi [r] in onset, [l] in coda Mul kirI Pal Saram
saxul
Irumi
Ilkop
Ratio
ipalsa 11

12. Fortition
In onset, some Cs get strengthened 12

13. Fortition Word initially some Cs get strengthened
Spanish /ɾ/ realized as [r]
[r]eal Madrid 13

14. Fortition Word initially some Cs get strengthened English aspiration
[ph]ier strong aspiration
s[p]ear no aspiration
a[ph]ear weak aspiration 14

15. Fortition Word initially some Cs get strengthened
Spanish /j/ > [ʤ] (glide to affricate)
‘yo lloro’
[ʤo ʤoɾo] 15

16. Fortition
Prenasalization: [b] vs. [mb]? 16

17. How many nasal phonemes?17

18. How many nasal phonemes?
What appears word finally?
What appears word initially before V?
What appears intervocalically?
What appears before C? 18

19. How many nasal phonemes?
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar m
m, ŋ n ŋ 19

20. How many nasal phonemes?
[m]--/m/
[ŋ]--/ŋ/
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar m
m, ŋ n ŋ 20

21. How many nasal phonemes?
Analysis One
/m/—[n] intervocalically and before alveolar
/m/--[ŋ] before velar
/m/--[m] elsewhere
[ŋ]--/ŋ/
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar m
m, ŋ n ŋ 21

22. How many nasal phonemes?
Analysis One
/m/—[n] intervocalically and before alveolar
/m/--[ŋ] before velar
/m/--[m] elsewhere
[ŋ]--/ŋ/ (overlap)
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar m
m, ŋ n ŋ 22

23. How many nasal phonemes?
Analysis Two
/m/—[m]
[ŋ]--/ŋ/ elsewhere
[ŋ]--/n/ before alveolar and intervocalically
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar m
m, ŋ n ŋ 23

24. How many nasal phonemes now?
What appears word finally?
What appears word initially before V?
What appears intervocalically?
What appears before C? 24

25. How many nasal phonemes now?
[m] and [n] contrast
[m] and [ŋ] contrast
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar
m, n
m, ŋ n ŋ 25

26. How many nasal phonemes now?
[m] and [n] contrast
[m] and [ŋ] contrast
But, [n] and [ŋ] don’t contrast
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar
m, n
m, ŋ n ŋ 26

27. How many nasal phonemes now?
[m] and [n] contrast
[m] and [ŋ] contrast
But, [n] and [ŋ] don’t contrast
They are complementary
[ŋ] word finally and before velar
[n] elsewhere
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar
m, n
m, ŋ n ŋ 27

28. How many nasal phonemes now?
/m/--[m]
/n/--[ŋ] word final, before velars
[n]—[n] elsewhere
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar
m, n
m, ŋ n ŋ 28

29. How many nasal phonemes now?
What would additional data would show [n] and [ŋ] belong to different phonemes?
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar
m, n
m, ŋ n ŋ 29

30. How many nasal phonemes now?
What would additional data would show [n] and [ŋ] belong to different phonemes?
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar
m, n
m, ŋ
n, ŋ n ŋ 30

31. How many nasal phonemes now?
What would additional data would show [n] and [ŋ] belong to different phonemes?
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar
m, n, ŋ
m, ŋ n ŋ 31

32. How many nasal phonemes now?
What would additional data would show [n] and [ŋ] belong to different phonemes?
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar
m, n
m, ŋ n
n,ŋ ŋ 32

33. How many nasal phonemes now?
What would additional data would show [n] and [ŋ] belong to different phonemes?
Initial before V
final
intervocalic
Before alveolar
Before velar
m, n
m, ŋ n
n, ŋ 33

34. Vowels
[+back] = back vowels [-back] = front vowels 34

35. Vowels [+back] = back vowels [-back] = front vowels
[+high] = high vowels [-high] = mid and low vowels 35

36. Vowels [+back] = back vowels [-back] = front vowels
[+high] = high vowels [-high] = mid and low vowels
[+low] = low vowels [-low] = high and mid vowels
Mid vowels are [-low] [-high] 36

37. Vowels [+back] = back vowels [-back] = front vowels
[+high] = high vowels [-high] = mid and low vowels
[+low] = low vowels [-low] = high and mid vowels
Mid vowels are [-low] [-high]
[+ATR] = tense vowels, [-ATR] = lax vowels 37

38. Vowels [+back] = back vowels [-back] = front vowels
[+high] = high vowels [-high] = mid and low vowels
[+low] = low vowels [-low] = high and mid vowels
Mid vowels are [-low] [-high]
[+ATR] = tense vowels, [-ATR] = lax vowels
[+round] = round vowels, [-round] = non-round vowels 38

39. Catalan
Effect of stresslessness on vowels? 39

40. Catalan
Effect of stresslessness on vowels?
[á, é, ɛ́] ~ [ə̆] 40

41. Catalan
Effect of stresslessness on vowels? 41

42. Catalan
Effect of stresslessness on vowels?
[ó, ɔ́] ~ [ŭ] 42

43. Canadian
When does [ɜɪ] appear? 43

44. Canadian When does [ɜɪ] appear? Before voiceless obstruents
‘boat and bode’ 44

45. Canadian When does [ɜɪ] appear? Before voiceless obstruents
‘boat and bode’
‘eyes’ and ‘ice’
‘late’ and ‘laid’ 45

46. Dipththongs English true diphthongs Face [eɪ] Price [aɪ] Choice [ɔɪ]
Cow [aʊ] 46

47. Dipththongs
English false diphthongs
sew [oʊ]
Jew [uʊ] 47

48. Status of [i] and [ɪ] 48

49. Status of [i] and [ɪ]
They contrast 49

50. Status of [u] and [ʊ] 50

51. Status of [u] and [ʊ]
[u] in open syllable, [ʊ] in closed 51