1. Applying Real-World Evidence in MS: Reviewing the State of the Art

3. Key MS Registry Studies in Europe, North America, and Globally

4. Comparison of RCTs vs RWE

5. Comparison of RCTs vs RWE: Advantages and Limitations

6. NARCOMS: Patient-Centered Data

7. Missing Features of RWE

8. Increase in Published RWE

9. What Is Driving the Increased Demand for RWE?

10. Ten Golden Rules for Identifying High-Quality RWE Studies

11. MSBase: Real-Time Data Capture

12. Methodologies for Collecting RWE and Examples of Their Application to MS

13. BigMS

14. MSDS3D as Interdisciplinary Platform to Manage MS Patients

15. Eliminating Bias in MS Data

16. Treatment Switch After Relapse

17. Baseline Characteristics: Indication Bias

18. Condense Differences Into a Number: the Probability of Switch to Treatment A or B

19. Propensity Score Matching in Patients With MS

20. Examples of Recently Published Real-World Data in MS

21. Natalizumab vs Fingolimod: Comparative Studies Showing Different Results

22. MSBase: Treatment Change to Fingolimod or IFN/GA in Patients With Active RRMS

23. Treatment Change to Fingolimod or IFN/GA in Patients With Active RRMS: Results

24. MSBase: Comparative Analysis of MS Outcomes

25. Comparison of 5-Year Treatment Outcomes: Alemtuzumab, Natalizumab, Fingolimod, and IFNβ

26. PANGAEA: An Evolving Fingolimod Dataset

27. Survey of Risk Tolerance to MS Therapies

28. Combining Individual Treatment and Big Data RWE

29. Predictors of Long-Term Disability Accrual in Relapse-Onset MS

30. RWE and TOFINGO: Switching From Natalizumab to Fingolimod

31. Conclusions

32. Abbreviations

33. Abbreviations (cont)