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Crisis in the 1850s: Slavery and the Territories

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1 Crisis in the 1850s: Slavery and the Territories
By Mrs. Hoff

2 Sectionalism

3 Missouri Compromise, 1820 Effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress admits Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30´ latitude line. In 1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. 1857 Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision, which ruled that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories.

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5 Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Democratic congressman named David Wilmot
Bill forbid slavery in the new territory Despite repeated attempts, the Wilmot Proviso was never passed by both houses of Congress. Issue created the Republican Party, founded in 1854, which specifically supported the Wilmot principle of no expansion.

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7 Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 consists of five laws passed in September of 1850 that dealt with the issue of slavery. California in as a free state. Fugitive Slave Act became harsher. Slave trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished. Territorial government was created in Utah. Also, an act was passed settling a boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico that also established a territorial government in New Mexico.

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9 Popular Sovereignty A controversial political doctrine that the people of federal territories should decide for themselves whether their territories would enter the Union as free or slave states. It was first applied in organizing the Utah and New Mexico territories in 1850. The passage of Senator Stephen A. Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 repealed the prohibition of slavery north of latitude 36°30′ and opened the territories up to popular sovereignty.

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11 Popular Sovereignty The violent struggle that followed for control of the Kansas Territory (Bleeding Kansas) illustrated the failure of popular sovereignty as a possible ground for agreement between proslavery and antislavery factions in the country. The Dred Scot decision also overturned the Missouri Compromise and made slavery legal in all states.

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13 Kansas Nebraska Act In January 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas introduced a bill that divided the land west of Missouri into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. He argued for popular sovereignty, which would allow the settlers of the new territories to decide if slavery would be legal there. Antislavery supporters were outraged because, under the terms of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, slavery would have been outlawed in both territories.

14 Kansas Nebraska Act After months of debate, the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed on May 30, 1854. Pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers rushed to Kansas, each side hoping to determine the results of the first election held after the law went into effect. The conflict turned violent, aggravating the split between North and South until reconciliation was virtually impossible.

15 Kansas Nebraska Act Opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act helped found the Republican Party, which opposed the spread of slavery into the territories. As a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the United States moved closer to Civil War.

16 Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas refers to the time between when the Kansas territory was the site of much violence over whether the territory would be free or slave. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 set the scene by allowing the territory of Kansas to decide for itself whether it would be free or slave, a situation known as popular sovereignty. With the passage of the act, thousands of pro- and anti-slavery supporters flooded the state. Violent clashes soon occurred, especially once "border ruffians" crossed over from the South to sway the vote to the pro-slavery side.

17 Bleeding Kansas

18 Bleeding Kansas

19 Hero or terrorist?

20 Brooks Vs. Sumner 1854 On May 19, Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner, an ardent abolitionist, speaks out against violence in Kansas. Calls out a Senator from the South who isn’t present. Senator’s nephew, Brooks, gets upset and beat Sumner with a cane on the floor of the Senate. Brooks became an instant hero in the South, and supporters sent him many replacement canes. He was vilified in the North and became a symbol of the stereotypically inflexible, uncompromising representative of the slave power. The incident exemplified the growing hostility between the two camps in the prewar years.

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22 Dred Scot Decision 1857 Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri.
Resided in a free state for 10 years. After returning to Missouri, sued that his residence in free territory made him a free man. Other side argued that he was a slave, not a citizen, and therefore couldn’t sue anyone.

23 Dred Scot Decision 1857 Dred Scott was ruled a slave.
Supreme court said he couldn’t sue because he wasn’t a citizen. The Court then held the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, hoping to end the slavery question once and for all.

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