1. Expanding and changing cities

2. Advantages of Cities
Urbanization = The increase in city size and population.
Most cities were in the Northeast, Pacific coast, and on waterways of the Midwest.
They were connected by railroad lines and became magnets for immigrants and rural Americans.

3. Advantages of Cities
Factory jobs, new education opportunities, and a growing middle class.
A shift in opportunities for women: become servants to the rich, and work in factories.
More entertainment, possibility to move up to the middle class, and increase children’s education.

4. Growth of Urbanization
Cities grew rapidly
Near raw materials
Beside existing industrial areas
Along transportation routes
New opportunities in the job market
Terrible Conditions
Poor sanitary and living conditions
Tenement apartments
Sweathouses

5. Migration from Country to Cities
Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities
Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood
1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence
Find segregation, discrimination in North too
Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension

6. Electricity Powers Urban Transit
Mass Transit: Public transportation systems that could carry large numbers of people inexpensively.
First commuter trains were dirty, slow, and unreliable. (Coal Powered)
Horse-pulled trolleys were small and slow,; Electric street cars were clean, quiet, and could carry more people.
Boston: first subway system in NYC followed in 1904.
Growth of suburbs for those who could afford transit fares away from the city.

8. City Planners Control Growth
As cities grew, architectural firms expanded to offer city planning services to make cities more functional and beautiful.
Cities were zoned for different uses. (residential, industrial and financial)
Parks, boulevards, buildings and electric street lights were a few of the new developments.
Frederick Law Olmstead = Designed Philadelphia’s Fairmount Park, NYC’s Central Park, and similar parks in Detroit, Washington D.C., and California.

9. Housing Conditions
Tenements: Low cost multifamily housing designed to fit in as many families as possible.
Tenements were poorly constructed, dangerous, dirty, had small windows and poor ventilation.

12. Water and Sanitation Water Sanitation
1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare
Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908
Sanitation
Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection
Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses- often did not do job properly
By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments

14. Fire and Crime Crime Fire As population grows, thieves flourish
Early police forces too small to be effective
Fire
Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters
Most firefighters volunteers, not always available
1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments
Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer

15. 1871 Chicago fire killed nearly 300 people and left more than 100,000 homeless.
Police officers in 1900s.

16. Early Reforms to fix problems of Urbanization
Settlement House – Community center organized to provide various services to urban poor
Hull House – most famous settlement house established by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
Social Gospel Movement – social reform movement that sought to fix social problems in the name of Jesus

17. Make a T Chart-USE YOUR NOTES Put in your Composition Book Positives and Negatives of Urbanization
Increased opportunity for Education
Poor Sanitation

18. Exit Ticket (if time) Answer in Composition Book
What factors led to the rapid growth of cities during the time period?
What was life like for the average person living in a big city at the turn of the century?