1. Cells
Unit 3

2. Cell Membrane and Cell Transport

3. Notes: Cell Membrane Structure
The cell or plasma membrane is also known as the ________________________________ since it has 2 layers.
It is known as a ______________ ____________ since it is made up of many parts and is not rigid and moves easily.
The main function of the cell membrane is to maintain homeostasis by controlling ___________________________
The cell membrane doesn’t let everything through. It is _________________________________and only lets certain things in and out.
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
WHAT GOES IN AND OUT
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

4. Cell Membrane Diagram Video – Cell membrane INTEGRAL PROTEINS
CARB CHAIN
PHOSPHATE HEAD
FATTY ACID
TAILS
PHOSPHOLIPID
CHOLESTEROL
PERIPHERAL PROTEIN

5. Osmosis equal greater out in shrink grow Hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution
Isotonic solution
equal
greater
Less than
water
out
water in
in / out
water
shrink
grow
Stay same size

6. Concentration Gradient
Differences in concentration on either side of a membrane.

7. Hill Diagram Active Transport
Goes against the concentration gradient (low to high)
– needs energy (ATP)
P = Pump – solute (dots) through a protein
E = Endocytosis – move into cell
E = Exocytosis – move out of cell
High/More
Low/Less
High / More
Passive Transport
Goes with the concentration gradient (high to low)
no energy
D = Diffusion – solute (dots) move (Ex: salt)
O = Osmosis – water moves
F = Facilitated Diffusion – solute (dots) move through protein
Low/Less

8. DIFFUSION – dots such as salt are moving.
OSMOSIS - dots can’t move so water moves to dilute the dots
FACILITATED DIFFUSION – dots are too big or polar so need to go through a protein
Diffusion
Osmosis

9. Which way will things move?
Given the pictures below, draw arrows in the correct direction to show what will move. You need 4 different colors to make your key:
Diffusion – Red Facilitated diffusion – Green
Osmosis – Blue Pump (active transport) – Purple

10. Real life scenarios – What will happen???
 A saltwater fish is placed into fresh water. What will happen to the cells of this fish?
A freshwater fish is placed into a salt water tank. What will happen to the cells of this fish?
Water will move in and the fish’s cells will grow.
Water will move out and the fish’s cells will shrink.

11. Explain the following picture.
Salt on a slug will cause water to move out of the slug to dilute the salt on the outside of the body. The slug will dehydrate and die.

12. Understanding Osmosis & Diffusion (Passive Transport)
Hypo = less
Hyper = more
Iso = same
When answering the questions, consider the following information:
The oval in each diagram below represents a cell.
The black line around the oval is the cell membrane.
The space between the dots represents the water (solvent) that the solute is dissolved in.
The solute (dots) AND solvent (water) is small enough to pass across the cell membrane.
Cell #1
Cell #2
Cell #3

13. CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES:
The solution outside cell #1 has a/an (higher; LOWER; equal) concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
The solution outside cell #1 is (hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) to the solution inside the cell.
The inside of cell #1 is (HYPERTONIC; hypotonic; isotonic) to the solution surrounding it.
The solution outside cell #2 has a/an (HIGHER; lower; equal) concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
The solution outside cell #2 is (HYPERTONIC; hypotonic; isotonic) to the solution inside the cell.
The inside of cell #2 is (hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) to the solution surrounding it.
The solution outside cell #3 has a/an (higher; lower; EQUAL) concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell.
The solution outside cell #3 is (hypertonic; hypotonic; ISOTONIC) to the solution inside the cell.

14. DIFFUSION:
If diffusion was to occur to cell #1, in which direction would most of the solute be moving? (into /OUT OF) the cell.
If diffusion was to occur to cell #2, in which direction would most of the solute be moving? (INTO /out of) the cell.
Describe what happens to the movement of solute for cell #3. THE SOLUTE WOULD MOVE IN AND OUT.
Due to the process of diffusion, the solute or dissolved material tries to move from an area of higher concentration into an area of lower concentration (someplace where it can spread out more). According to this statement, which of the above cells would lose the most solute due to diffusion? (CELL #1, CELL #2, CELL #3)

15. OSMOSIS:
If osmosis was to occur in cell #1, which direction would most of the water be moving? (INTO /out of) the cell.
Cell #1 should have (lost ; GAINED; stayed the same) mass.
If osmosis was to occur in cell #2, which direction would most of the water be moving? (into /OUT OF) the cell.
Cell #2 should have (LOST ; gained; stayed the same) mass.
If osmosis was to occur in cell #3, which direction would most of the water be moving? (INTO & OUT OF) the cell.
Cell #3 should have (lost ; gained; STAYED THE SAME) mass.

16. WHAT DOES THIS MEAN…
Since an animal cell lacks a cell wall, it is important that it be surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; hypotonic; ISOTONIC) solution, so that it does not shrink & shrivel up or swell & rupture due to the effects of osmosis.
If red blood cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution, then the cell would most likely (shrink, SWELL or stay the same size).
When plant cells are full of water, the pressure within the cell pushes out onto the cell wall, thus allowing the cell to become more rigid (has turgor pressure). Since this is a good thing for them, plant cells should be surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) solution.

17. SMALL MEMBRANE BOUND BACTERIA LARGER NUCLEUS PLANTS & ANIMALS
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells:
Prokaryotic cells - ___________________, no nucleus and no
_________________________________ organelles.
Ex: ___________________________
Eukaryotic cells - __________________, have a _________________
and membrane bound organelles. Ex: __________________________
SMALL
MEMBRANE BOUND
BACTERIA
LARGER
NUCLEUS
PLANTS & ANIMALS

18. CELL MEMBRANE DNA CYTOPLASM RIBOSOMES
No matter what, all cells have 4 organelles in common:
_________________________________
CELL MEMBRANE
DNA
CYTOPLASM
RIBOSOMES

19. Notes: Cell Theory
All living things are made up of one or more ______________.
All cells come from _________________________ cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of an organism.
CELLS
PREEXISTING

20. How did the first Eukaryotic cells come about?
Endosymbiosis Animation

21. How did the first Eukaryotic cells come about?
Endosymbiosis Theory - endo means _________________, symbiotic means ____________________________ so……
Smaller __________________________ entered inside larger prokaryotes. The smaller prokaryote(s) got ________________________ and the larger prokaryote got _______________________________________________. These organelles eventually became the ______________________ and ____________________________
INSIDE
RELATIONSHIP
PROKARYOTES
PROTECTION
ENERGY (ATP)
MITOCHONDRIA
CHLOROPLAST

22. Cell Specialization STEM CELLS NERVE CELL SPERM CELL FLAGELLUM
RED BLOOD CELL
NERVE CELL
FLAGELLUM

23. Notes: Organelles ORGANELLE
An __________________is a tiny structure that performs a specialized function (or job) in the cell. Ex: nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, ribosome, cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole
ORGANELLE

24. CELL WALL Structure & support CELL WALL (in plants only)
Membrane
Cell Wall
Wall around the kingdom – extra support

25. CHLOROPLAST
Site of photosynthesis – uses light to make sugar (glucose)
CHLOROPLAST
(in plants only)
Farmers – use light to grow (make) food

26. Stores things like water and nutrients
VACUOLE
VACUOLE
Plant – Large central
Animals – many small
Stores things like water and nutrients
Nucleus
Vacuole
Well – stores water

27. CELL MEMBRANE Controls what enters and leaves the cell CELL MEMBRANE
Knights at the gate– control what goes in and out

28. MITOCHONDRIA
Site of cellular respiration - turns sugar (glucose) into useable energy (ATP)
MITOCHONDRIA
Chefs– make food useable by cooking it

29. NUCLEUS NUCLEUS Protects genetic info DNA = King NUCLEUS = Castle
Nuclear Envelope
DNA = King
NUCLEUS = Castle

30. RIBOSOMES
Where proteins are made
RIBOSOMES
Town workers – make things

31. PROKARYOTIC VERSUS EUKARYOTIC
No membrane bound organelles
Has a nucleus
Has DNA
Has cytoplasm
No nucleus
Ex: Plants & Animals
Has cell membrane
Has ribosomes
Has membrane bound organelles
Ex: Bacteria

32. Membrane bound organelles
PLANT VERSUS ANIMAL
chloroplasts
nucleus
No cell wall
ribosomes
Membrane bound organelles
Large central vacuole
cell membrane
Small vacuoles
cytoplasm
Cell wall
mitochondria
eukaryotic

33. Microscopes 10 x 10 = 100 How do we see cells and organelles???
_________________________________________________________ - uses 2 lenses and light to magnify an image up to 2000x. Can look at living cells.
Total magnification = ocular lens x objective lens
Ex: Ocular is 10x and Objective is on 40 x, what is total magnification?
_____________________________________ - used to view larger objects. Magnifies up to 50x. Can look at living cells.
_____________________________________ - can magnify up to 200,000x but specimen must be dead.
Make sure to study your Microscope Lab to learn more about the parts and functions of the microscope. This will be on your test!
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
10 x = 100
STEREOMICROSCOPE/DISSECTING SCOPE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

34. COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE