1. Water supply: Will our taps run dry?
Lower Secondary Geography 2014
Name: _______________________________ ( )
Class: _________
Date: _________

2. Section 1: An introduction What is water shortage
Section 1: An introduction What is water shortage? Learning outcomes (things you need to know about this topic!)
Part 1: Explain the hydrological cycle
Part 2: Identify the uses of water with reference to graphs
Part 3: Define water shortage

3. So what is the hydrological cycle?
Part 1: Explain the hydrological cycle
It’s also known as the W______ C___________
Driven by h_____ e__________ from the Sun
So what is the hydrological cycle?
Definition:
C____________ movement of water from the earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back again
It can be n_____________r_____________
which
means that
In the entire cycle, there is no beginning and no end
Water is a r_____________ resource
Water takes on different states

4. Part 1: Define the hydrological cycle
It refers to the _____________ movement of water from the earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back again.

5. PRECIPITATION TRANSPIRATION EVAPORATION SURFACE RUNOFF INFILTRATION
CONDENSATION
PRECIPITATION
Only the terms in the white boxes are important
TRANSPIRATION
EVAPORATION
SURFACE RUNOFF
INFILTRATION
Part 1

6. What do these different terms mean?
Part 1: Explain the hydrological cycle
What do these different terms mean?
Evaporation
Condensation
precipitation
Transpiration
Surface runoff
Infiltration
Groundwater

7. 8% 22% __% Part 2: Identify the uses of water with reference to graphs
a) D_________ USE
- Water used around the home 8%
22%
b) ECONOMIC USE
1. Agriculture
2. Industry
Ss to match the uses with the percentages
__%

8. 3 MAIN TYPES OF DOMESTIC WATER USE
Part 2a: What is domestic use?
Simply refers to the water used around the home
Others 4%
Important!
This isn’t the way ALL households in Singapore use water!
Because we all have different p_________ h_______ and our houses have appliances that are designed differently, the volume and way that water is used may differ from household to household!
3 MAIN TYPES OF DOMESTIC WATER USE
C_______________
(eg. Drinking & cooking)
2. HYGIENE
(eg. Bathing, flushing the toilet etc. )
3. AMENITY USE
(eg. Washing the car, watering the garden etc. )
Washbasin
10%
Shower
29%
Flushing Cistern
16%
Kitchen Sink
22%
Laundry
19%
Fig 1: Domestic water consumption in a Singaporean household in 2011

9. Agriculture Part 2b: How about Economic use? (TB page 126-127)
Definition:
 The growing of crops for human use, mainly for _________
As the world’s population grows, more water is needed to grow more food to feed all these people!
Water is used to grow crops like…
 Water is needed to grow fruits, vegetables, grain, coffee, tea, oil palm, rubber, cocoa
C_______
R________
Rice
Fruits

10. HOW is water used in agriculture?
Part 2b: How about Economic use? (TB page )
HOW is water used in agriculture?
Irrigation
Water is taken from water bodies (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wells) and is
S_______ or watered onto crops
More countries are relying on irrigation to increase
C_____ Y_______
Used in places where there is little/ no/ irregular rainfall
Why?
Irrigation
In places where rainfall is low/ irregular
Water is obtained from water bodies (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wells) and is sprayed or watered onto crops
Spread across land by sprinkler systems
Spread across land by s_________ systems
Its extremely difficult for a farmer to water all his crops by himself!
Which means:
The amount of crops grown

11. Some examples of industries you need to know
Part 2b: How about Economic use? (TB page )
Manufacture, maintenance and cooling of generators (a machine that helps produce energy)
To c_____ d______ machinery and equipment which are heated up (by friction and chemical processes)
To c________ machinery and products
2. Industry
Some examples of industries you need to know
Water fabrication industries
Where water is used to make electrical circuits.
Manufacturing industries
Where products are made for sale
Eg. Car manufacturing
HOW is water used?
Manufacture, maintenance, cooling of generators
Water is needed to cool down the machinery and equipment, because a lot of heat is created due to friction and chemical reaction
Water is also used to clean machinery and products

12. Which means: To be replaced/ filled back
Part 3: Define water shortage
Definition: when the level of water u________ exceeds the water s________ available
Water shortage – when the level of water usage exceeds the water supply available
Water is being used at a faster rate than it can be replenished
Caused by various reasons
Now that we have understood the important role water plays in our daily lives, it is also important to understand that not everyone has access to water like us.
Not ‘when there is not enough water ‘
When water is being used faster than it is replenished!
Which means: To be replaced/ filled back

13. Does water shortage only occur in dry places?
Part 3: Define water shortage
Does water shortage only occur in dry places?
Nouakchott, Mauritania
Taiwan
Annual rainfall (total rainfall in a year): 200mm
Annual rainfall (total rainfall in a year): 2502 mm
Water shortage? YES
Water shortage? YES
No water shortage in 1960s when population size was
Now, groundwater is drying up because population is 40 times larger than what it can support.
70% of the country’s water is used for agriculture.
On top of that, the Taiwanese use an average of 271 litres per day (which is very high – higher than the 250 litre average in Europe and USA).
Water shortage occurs in places with both DRY and WET climate because of the different ways people over- use the water available to them.